Spiritual Needs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Profound Needs - Assignment Example The outcomes show that the individuals who had visit contributions in otherworldly issues were fundamentally bound to have longer, more beneficial lives. (McCullough, Hoyt, Larson, Koenig and Thoresen, 2000 ) Thesis - obviously any patient needs treatment for his disease, however this ought to be given as a feature of a comprehensive methodology which incorporates an endeavor to both survey and to meet his otherworldly needs, whatever his specific confidence position and practice. So as to do this adequately it is important to know about specific otherworldly needs. Hence every patient ought to be surveyed profoundly. Various inquiry s ought to be posed so as to show up at reality with respect to an individual’s profound state. The appropriate responses at that point give signs or pointers what exactly is required †does the individual need to see a clergyman, to get the Eucharist, or maybe need space to put down a supplication tangle on the off chance that they are a Musl im.... Or maybe they give a comprehensive structure. They may not really be tended to straightforwardly to the patient , yet might be founded on perception, if for example the patient experiences issues talking or when there is a language obstruction. They may for example be wearing a cross or a Sikh steel bangle The inquiries do exclude words explicit to specific strict gatherings for example .church, sanctuary, temple, holy observances. It isn’t that these may not be utilized, but instead that it is important to set up as a matter of first importance if the patient has a place with a specific confidence ]tradition for example In the event that they ‘I go to the Episcopalian church in my town.’ the consideration supplier may proceed to inquire as to whether anybody from the congregation realize you are in emergency clinic? Okay like us to tell them? On the off chance that they state ‘I am a Muslim’ they can, at that point be educated regarding an explicitly Muslim arrangement, for example, a petition room or told that they can utilize the day rom at specific occasions . b) My evaluation of Michael R. Michael is a multi year old honorable man whom I have come to know well more than a little while. He initially came into clinic with what he thought was basic chest disease, however was told inside a couple of hours that he required a lung transplant, something he saw as pulverizing. Since that time his kidney work has weakened and he had a close to lethal scene a couple of days back. Date of meeting latest meeting 27th July 2012 . Huge disclosures. Michael has a small kid and, in light of the fact that he feels his sickness is self-actuated he feels a lot of blame about his progressively energetic imprudences, for example, road sedate use which currently keep him from being with his youngster . He doesn’t need his girl to see him in his current state. c) What worked out in a good way? From the start Michael imagined he didnâ€℠¢t need

Timeline History Of Russia 1533-1991 Essays - Marxist Theorists

Course of events History of Russia 1533-1991 1533-1584 The Russian Empire, covering more than one-6th of the world, is administered by the power of Czar Ivan the Terrible. The medieval framework abuses each man, lady and youngster as the Czar discharges Assessment Gatherers to keep up help for the nobles in the land. Scoundrels what's more, money related blackmailers aggrieve any lower class resident who won't help add to the Czar's system. 1682-1725 Under Czar Peter I (Peter the Great), the Russian Empire starts to prosper with hints of conventional social structure alterations in the nation. Watching the extreme advances of western human advancements, Peter arranges the modernization of the military, production of a naval force, energizes mercantilism and outside exchange, and gives ladies more rights. By and by, the Empire stays stricken in neediness over slow changes and the tyrannical nearness of feudalism. 1825-1861 The primitive framework starts to bomb when the objectives and wants of the regular laborer can't be accomplished through such an obsolete precept. Different progressive Czars endeavor social changes which don't leave an effect on the nation's prosperity. In December of 1825, an uprising from the masses occures when they request changes to the monetary framework. With the advancement of the American, French and Spanish constitutions, the serfs presently requested the abolishment of the government tyranny, common responsibility for and numerous other common also, social changes. Lamentably, their disobedience was rapidly disassembled by the Czar's military group and the framework stayed in judgment. 1861-1905 Dictator Nicholas II at long last understood that his current monetary government was keeping down the advancement of the domain. He in this manner made a parliamentary framework in 1905 which would diminish the number of strikes and fierce upheavals producing from the laborers. This agent get together (called a Duma) was assembled a sum of four times during the principal World War and offered authenticity to other political groups inside the realm and would ideally increment social liberties. 1917-1924 World War I prompted the relinquishment (abdication) of the Czar as the individuals rebelled against his futile government. Starvation, infection and demise were fanning out quickly as the Russians supported France against the local army of Germany during World War I. The populace lost its confidence in the government and introduced a temporary government that would shield the nation from breaking down. In any case, this administration would not intercede during the delicate long periods of the war and lost its capacity to a socialist gathering called the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, drove by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Nikolai Lenin), toppled the temporary government and executed their style of power to the domain. Their targets were to lead the Russian domain into thriving while using Karl Marx's proposed regulation for a public, awkward condition where the laborers will utilize their capacities to fulfill their own needs. The Union was currently conceived and the Communist Manifesto was at long last going to be enacted. The C zar and his family were caught and executed, accordingly finishing the abusive totalitarianism that had come to pass for the domain for a long time. In the end, the focal government was overwhelmed by Lenin and his military heads, Leon Trotsky and Josef Stalin. Albeit a minority party, the Bolsheviks chosen to actualize free enterprise changes to the delicate economy so as to help the revolutionary kickback that would follow. The New Economic Policy (NEP) made by Lenin would permit workers to save a specific measure of benefit for themselves, as opposed to having the government sponsor every last bit of it. Shockingly, Lenin kicked the bucket similarly as his strategy had begun to work. 1925-1953 The two clear beneficiaries to Lenin's system were Josef Stalin and Leon Trotsky. In spite of the fact that Trotsky was more qualified for the position (with his solid political tendencies towards sensible social flexibility), Josef Stalin expected controlled and therefore requested the outcast of all connecting bureau priests, including Trotsky. Anybody in the Union who protested his choices was sent to Siberian jail camps or killed. He currently had full control with no intercession from other liberal or moderate gatherings. He chose to focus on improving military quality and expanding on improving the Soviet economy, instead of follow Lenin's progressive objective of ruling the world. So as to get the monstrous measure of cash expected to keep up his state army, he started a progression of multi year programs which would drive

Why we crave horror movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why we need blood and gore films - Essay Example Casey is a little youngster alone in the house. She gets a call which she considers as a trick call. She is a tease a little when the guest has sneaked into her home. Wearing a white cover, the executioner pursues her and afterward wounds her to death when her folks are simply going into the house. Following this is a progression of different killings lastly the executioners get captured while attempting to slaughter a young lady who is the sweetheart of one of the two executioners. Since that was the main blood and gore flick I at any point saw, it badly affected me. In spite of the fact that I felt wiped out at the scene when Casey was wounded to death, still I needed to observe more. I was frightened and I didn't want to watch the film alone with lights killed. I don't comprehend this inclination even today, that is, how might I appreciate such a film which was making me so alarmed that I was unable to rest for several evenings. This is the thing that shocks me about human instinc t. In spite of the fact that I didn't need the executioners to connect on Casey and slaughter her, still I was making the most of her being made blockhead of through the trick call. Additionally, in spite of the fact that I would not like to see Casey bite the dust, still I watched the full scene when she was being wounded and her dead body being pulled leaving blood blemishes on the floor. In spite of the fact that I regularly had my hand on my eyes out of fear, still I didn't quick advance the film.

Health Care Museum Essay Example for Free

Medicinal services Museum Essay 1. General Health As expressed by Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health; Division of Health Care Services, Prior to the eighteenth century there was a few pandemics of plague, cholera, and smallbox, which incited inconsistent open endeavors to secure residents notwithstanding a fear sickness (1988, p.57). During the eighteenth century general wellbeing mindfulness and endeavors helped infection to be seen through another extent of human wellbeing conditions instead of an excessively characteristic impact that could be controlled through seclusion of the evil and isolate of individuals who voyaged. Numerous individuals thought malady was added to poor good or even a profound intervened factor that could be mended through supplication as well as reflection. General Health has a few improving components among individuals in the United States. These improving elements incorporate yet are not constrained to precaution proportions of controlling irresistible sickness, vaccinations, more secure and more beneficial nourishments, and a cleaner domain. General wellbeing has helped decline emergency clinic contaminations and infections from spreading from various perspectives. One significant commitment general wellbeing has actualize is the training of hand washing in medical clinics and with food dealing with too. By instructing individuals about hand washing, it has diminished transmission of microorganisms from spreading to patient to quiet. Appropriate advances, for example, washed hands with cleanser, scouring hands together for 15 seconds, utilizing a spotless paper towel to get hands and in conclusion turning dry water with a paper towel has help keep transmission of different microscopic organisms from spreading. 2. Penicillin Penicillin was found by Dr. Alexander Fleming in 1928. Dr. Alexander Fleming was a bacteriologist and found penicillin, a form, while looking at settlements of Staphylococcus aureus on petri dishes in his lab. After inspecting the states of Staphylococcus aureus there where regions that didn't repress development because of the Penicillin shape. This revelation was critical in history since it lead to the battle of irresistible illnesses. Penicillin was not utilized as an anti-microbial until 1942. In 1942 Penicillin was utilized on its first patient who built up a contamination in the wake of losing. The clinical effect of penicillin was on a huge size of occasions, it has lead to a wide size of anti-toxins that is utilized today. These equivalent innovations turned into the model for the turn of events and creation of new sorts of bioproducts (i.e., anticancer operators, monoclonal antibodies, and mechanical chemicals). The clinical effect of penicillin was enormous and quick. By introducing the broad clinical utilization of anti-microbials, penicillin was liable for empowering the control of numerous irresistible infections that had recently troubled humanity, with ensuing effect on worldwide populace socioeconomics. Additionally, the huge combined open impact of the numerous new anti-toxins and new bioproducts that were created and marketed based on the science and innovation after penicillin exhibits that penicillin had the best remedial effect occasion all things considered (Kardos N, Demain Al) 3. American Red Cross The American Red Cross was established in 1881 by Clara Barton. Clara Barton visited Europe and caught wind of the Swiss-roused Red Cross. At the point when she got back from her visit she battled for an American Red Cross and for endorsement of the Geneva Convention securing the war-harmed, which the United States confirmed in 1882 (American cross.org). The reason for the American Red Cross is to help in giving alleviation and to help administration a medium correspondence between the American military and their families. During World War II, the American Red Cross started a national blood program that got over 13.3 million pints of blood for the military. The American Red Cross has a tremendous effect across the country and with the United States. The American Red Cross reacts to helping in serious calamities, for example, typhoons, quakes, and wars. Their reaction framework likewise teaches in nutrition,â accident anticipation, home consideration for the wiped out, wellbeing preparing, CPR/AED preparing, HIV/AIDS instruction alongside enthusiastic consideration and backing during fiascos. One of the major contributing components of the American Red Cross is its blood program. It’s blood program supplies in excess of 40 percent of the blood items in the United States (American Cross, 2014). Numerous clinics and medicinal services offices secure their blood items from the American Red Cross to transfuse into their patients, which has spared a great many lives. 4. CPR CPR was created in the 1700 to spare the lives of suffocating casualties. Over a hundred years after the fact, in 1891, Dr. Friedrich Maass played out the principal recorded chest compressions on a human. In 1960, a gathering of revival pioneers, Drs. Diminish Safar, James Jude, and William Bennett Kouwenhouven, consolidated mouth-to-mouth breathing with chest compressions to make Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, the lifesaving activity we currently call â€Å"CPR† (American Heart Association, 2014) CPR was once known to just be performed by individuals in the human services field. Today, there are in excess of 12 million individuals yearly who are prepared in CPR and propelled life bolster who ensured to help in safeguarding lives. CPR has expanded the endurance pace of patients who are in abrupt heart failure. As indicated by the American Heart Association, almost 383,000 abrupt heart failures happen every year out of the emergency clinic, and 88 percent of unexpected heart fa ilures happen at home 5. MEDICARE In 1965 President Johnson marked into law the Medicare program. The Medicare program was instituted because of a few Americans more than 65 who couldn't get clinical protection. There were various variables prompting Americans not having the option to have clinical protection. A few people couldn't pay for private protection simultaneously a few managers don't offer clinical protection. As indicated by the CMS (2013) on March 26, 1965 congressional pioneers talked about the Medicare enactment plan. In this conversation it was expressed that each American beyond 65 years old will be ensured complete Hospital clinical insurance for an incredible remainder. For three dollars per month after he is 65, he additionally gets full inclusion for clinical, careful, and different expenses whether he is in or out of the emergency clinic (p. 10). Today Medicare serves a huge populace for theâ elderly and incapacitated people. Theres a few distinct sorts of Medicare plans. There is a clinical Medicare section a Medicare part B and the Medicare part C. Medicare section An and B is the first Medicare plans, Medicare advantage is part C and theres additionally a doctor prescribed medication program which is part D Medicare advantage part C and part D are offered by private insurance agencies. The brilliant thing about Medicare, will be Medicare can be an enhancement health care coverage. Implying that an individual can have a private health care coverage, for example, Blue Cross or Blue Shield and notwithstanding that they can likewise have Medicare. For instance if a patient has Blue Cross or Blue Shield that would be their essential protection and Medicare would be their optional protection. The two protections would be charged, keep no separate from pocket costs for the patient. Our social insurance framework advances step by step. With new development and innovation upgrades our medicinal services conveyance framework has engaged us to give the most extreme nature of care. Structure the general wellbeing framework taking the safeguard proportions of controlling irresistible illness is with the instruction of hand washing abilities to the improvement of anti-infection agents. Penicillin made ready for restoring contaminations, along these lines improving future. Penicillin was first anti-microbial to be utilized on an individual, and has additionally empowered researchers to create and deliver various kinds of new anti-infection agents. The presentation of cardio aspiratory revival helps spare lives each day, regardless of whether the patient be in or out of the medical clinic setting. With the assistance of the American Red Cross instructing and preparing a large number of individuals to do mouth to mouth, CPR has expanded the endurance pace of numerous ind ividuals who succumb to the unexpected heart failure. Not just has the American Red Cross helped with instructing individuals on the most proficient method to do mouth to mouth yet additionally has spared a huge number of lives with its blood program. Its blood programs supplies 40% of the United States blood items, affecting the lives of people who need a blood transfusion just as their friends and family. The American Red Cross has helped in help aid ventures for serious fiascos and is a critical connection among families and the Armed Forces. As a connection between Armed Forces and families the American Red Cross encourages the transportation of military people with the association with their evil family member(s). As people groups future will in general increment numerous individuals who are 65 andâ over use the requirement for Medicare. Medicare pays for many senior residents including the individuals who are incapacitated. The social insurance framework is a colossal umbrella, where each part capacities all in all, one can't wor k without the other. References American Heart Association. (2014). CPR Statistics. Recovered from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/CPRAndECC/WhatisCPR/CPRFactsandStats/CPR- Statistics_UCM_307542_Article.jsp American Red Cross. (2014). A Brief History of the American Red Cross. Recovered from http://www.redcross.org/about-us/history Communities for Medicare Medicaid Services. (2013). CMS History Project Presidents’ Speeches Table of Contents pdf. Recovered from http://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency- Data/History/Downloads/CMSPresidentsSpeeches.pdf Board of trustees for the Study of the Future of Public Health; Division of Health Care Services. (1988). The eventual fate of general wellbeing. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Kardos N, Demain AL. (2011). Penicillin: the medication with the best effect on restorative results. NCBI. Recovered from

Next steps

Next steps I finished my last final exam yesterday, and barring any unforeseen complications, Ill be graduating from MIT on June 9. (The ceremony will be webcast here. You should watch it and cheer for me.) My parents and younger brother are coming up from Ohio, and that weekend is also Adams 21st birthday, so his parents are coming up from Plymouth for a big family dinner to celebrate his birthday and my graduation. Adam still has a year to go until he graduates, and then he hopes to stay at MIT to get his masters in aero/astro. He and I are moving into Westgate, which is an MIT grad/family dorm on the very west end of campus, tomorrow (omg so excited). All of our stuff is carefully packed and ready to move, and I am super-excited about our little apartment. So all of you who are fretting about me being gone dont! Ill be living on campus. Youll probably see me in Laverdes all the time. Ill be continuing to work in my undergrad lab full-time for June and July. Morgan, my boss (in biology we call them principal investigator or PI), wants me to write some sort of short and sweet paper on the work Ive been doing for the past year and a half. Ill be graduating with three publications on my CV! Thats pretty exciting. Im taking the month of August off sort of. I am not so good at the do nothing thing, so Ill be working a few hours a week in the Admissions Reception Center. As far as other summer plans go, my parents have also informed me that as a graduation present, they will foot the bill for Adam and me to go on a vacation to the Bahamas (yessss). Adam is less excited about this, because his family goes on ski vacations rather than beach vacations; hes like, But what do you do on vacation to the beach? So far, were also planning to go to Water Country at least once with our friend Mark 07 again this year. Well be going to the Quonset Point air show with Adams family for the third year in a row (well, third year in a row for me, second year in a row for Mark, and twenty-first year in a row for Adam, probably), and Adam and I will be heading to Plymouth, Americas hometown, for fourth-of-July festivities. Ive been informed by my mother that Im expected back in Ohio for at least a few days apparently the relatives need to throw me a graduation party. (Hey, Im not going to complain.) My PhD programs orientation starts September 5, and school begins September 18. Ill be taking a few classes (at least one of which will be a repeat of a class I took at MIT, yay!) and working part-time in my rotation lab you get to rotate through as many labs as you need to decide which lab youd like to do your thesis project in. There are approximately a majillion labs to rotate in, and I need to get crackin on picking a few that sound good to me. As far as further developments in my life with Adam well, look for some updates on that sometime between Christmas and Valentines Day. :)

Consent to medical procedures - Free Essay Example

107158 Part a) The main legal issue here concerns whether consent is required from both parents for a non-Gillick competent minor to undergo a surgical procedure that is not altogether without risk and which will not confer any direct benefit on her health. Beth at 4 years old is not likely to understand the full implications of a bone marrow donation[1] hence by this criteria she is not likely to be â€Å"Gillick competent†[2]; and so cannot give valid consent. This issue must be considered here because if she had been Gillick competent then it would be less likely that a refusal by one parent would be effective in negating her consent. The legal age of consent is 18. Below this age a person is classed as a child. However effectively the age of consent is 16 due to the operation of s.8(1) Family Law Reform Act 1969. Beth is therefore classed as an incompetent minor[3] to whom the Children Act 1989 stipulates that a parent with â€Å"parental responsibility† can give consent (albeit proxy consent), that is unless that â€Å"parental responsibility† has been removed or is restricted; s.33(3) and (4). We are told Caroline has parental responsibility for Beth and we are told that Caroline agrees to the donation. By inference there has been an offer of treatment by the doctor(s). In law consent by a parent with parental responsibility is adequate consent[4]. Generally it is irrelevant, in law, that David withholds his consent. However, in this situation the disputed procedure that Beth is to undergo is not intended to confer any physical advantage to her but may cause her some psychological stress and also carries a minor degree of risk. Clearly the Trust has reservations about going ahead when one parent objects and legal writing confirms that this view is unlikely to be unusual for this procedure.[5] However once consent is given by one person the principle stands that it is not removed by someone else. This refusal of the Trust to allow the procedure might be taken up to see if a court would direct the trust to go ahead. Where there is dispute about whether a procedure should take place and in situations where there is no parent with parental responsibility who will give consent the court may make a decision in one of two ways. Firstly the â€Å"wardship jurisdiction† could be used as described by Lord Donaldson MR in Re C[6]. The child is made a ward of court and the court makes the decision in the child’s best interests[7]. The court would take into account all the relevant facts of the case and decide upon them[8]. Decisions vary greatly with the facts of the ca se. The Court of Appeal refused to follow the parents’ wishes where the parents did not wish conjoined twins to be separated killing one of them in Re M and J[9]. In Re B[10] the court ordered that an infant with Down syndrome have surgery for duodenal atresia. However in Re T[11] the court found for the parents who were refusing liver transplantation for their child. Alternatively an application can be made to the court for a specific issue order requesting the court to order specific directions. In Beth’s case the court would consider the loss of her sister (a loss she might have been able to prevent) and the undoubted resulting psychological harm and also the 40% chance of any donation having the same result whereby Beth may still suffer some psychological aspects, her needle phobia and parental attitudes and these would be balanced against the advantageous effects of attempting[12] and most likely saving the life of her sister. All other factors thought relevant to making the decision in Beth’s overall[13] best interests would be considered. The courts have authorised the harvesting of bone marrow from a mentally incompetent adult in order to treat her sister.[14] The argument was the advantage gained by the donor by having a mother who was psychologically better able to look after her if she had given her sister a chance of recovery. In making the decision on Beth’s treatment the court would not consider Allison’s situation but would take into account the advantages to Beth if her sister survived. Allison is a child and if she is Gillick competent for the envisaged procedure may give valid consent. Otherwise Caroline may give proxy consent for her; Children Act 1989. Part b) The issue here is whether a 16 year old can legally be given a life-saving treatment when she is refusing to give consent. The doctrine of necessity may apply if it is not possible to discuss the situation properly with Evelyn and her tre atment is required urgently to save her life. We are told she is in great pain. If the doctors consider that she cannot understand the information given, or believe it or retain it to make a decision then they may proceed under the doctrine of necessity if it is considered that she will die before rational discussion can take place. However as a Jehovah’s Witness Evelyn may carry written information stating that she would refuse blood in an emergency even if it is required to save her life. This would be particularly relevant if she was carrying this information in her patient held maternity record. This would show evidence of foresight of the situation. The age of majority and of consent is 18. Being below 18 Evelyn is a child. Someone with parental responsibility can give proxy consent (for a child under 18 notwithstanding s.8 Family Law Reform Act 1969). The Family Law Reform Act 1969 s.8 applies to those aged 16 to 18. The wording of this act includes â€Å"consentâ⠂¬  but is silent with regard to refusal of consent. However since Evelyn is 16 her refusal of consent can actually be overridden. This follows the decision in Re W[15] where a 16 year old was refusing treatment for anorexia nervosa. In this case it was considered that the wide powers under wardship overrode concerns that the wording of s.8 â€Å"consent shall be as effective as it would if [the child] were of full age† implied that consent could include refusal of consent. There is additional case law on the same point whereby a 16 year old was refusing treatment for anorexia; Re J[16]. Evelyn’s refusal to consent can be overridden. We do not know whether one of her parents with parental responsibility would give proxy consent for her to have the blood transfusion. The Family Law Reform Act does not take away the right of a parent with parental responsibility to give consent for the child. They can give consent up to the child’s eighteenth birthday. The childr en Act 1989 describes who has parental responsibility; it is either parent if they were married when the child was born otherwise it is just the mother. Important principles of the Children Act 1989 are that the overriding interest is the child’s welfare. The child should be listened to but not necessarily be given full right of autonomy. Where there is conflict there should be negotiation and avoidance of delay if a legal process is needed. If proxy consent is given by someone with parental responsibility the doctors can legally go ahead with the transfusion in spite of Evelyn’s refusal. However the parents may well be Jehovah’s Witnesses themselves and refuse to give proxy consent. This happened in the case of Re O[17] whereby a blood transfusion was required by a minor and the parents who were Jehovah’s Witnesses refused consent. The court can authorise the transfusion. If the doctor considers it is in Evelyn’s best interests to have the bloo d transfusion and neither true nor proxy consent is forthcoming they can apply to the court to receive authorisation for the treatment to go ahead. The decision can be made quickly if the clinical situation demands. The Trust solicitor will have access to getting a decision from the court system. The court will decide in the best interests of Evelyn and may decide treatment should go ahead as in Re B[18] where surgery was ordered for a child with Down syndrome to have surgery for duodenal atresia. However the decision is not always for the treatment to be given; Re C[19]. Account will be taken of the degree of adherence to being a Jehovah’s Witness, whether Evelyn attends a place of worship regularly and whether pressure is being put on her by her family; Re T.[20] The case of Re T concerning a pregnant Jehovah’s Witness refusing a blood transfusion. In making the decision the court will not take into account the fetus in its own right (aside from the fact that the fet us has no right in law;)[21] since autonomy of the pregnant woman overrides consideration for the life or well-being of her fetus;[22] but will take into account the effect that loss of the fetus make have on Evelyn if the fetus dies because of lack of the blood transfusion but Evelyn survives along the principle established in Re Y.[23] Part c) The issue is whether Frank has capacity for the purpose of consent or refusal of consent. Capacity is the legal term for competence in the use of information in the decision making process that comprises valid consent. The question is whether an individual has the capacity to give or refuse consent. This issue is important because, as an adult, if Frank has competence to refuse to give consent (which he has a right to do[24]) and does so refuse the doctors cannot legally treat him with ventilation. In this situation they still have a duty of care to provide him with the best available treatment relevant to his needs but short of ven tilation. If this ensues the issue could also be revisited with him on future occasions, if that possibility arises, since it is possible he may change his mind. It is good practice to try and encourage him to involve his family in his decision making. The Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2007 provides a statutory framework, incorporating current best practice and common law principles, for people who may not be able to make decisions about their care. There is a presumption that an adult has capacity s.1 MCA 2007 until this is shown to be otherwise. The requirements of valid consent are; Adequate information should be given about the procedure (including risks and benefits and alternatives) according to the patient’s needs Competence (capacity) The decision must be made voluntarily The elements comprising capacity are; Understanding the information Believing the information and being able to use it in the decision making process Making a decision The legal aspects of capacity were set out in the case of Re C[25]. A phobia can lead to lack of capacity and may well be relevant here particularly the possibility of a needle phobia.[26] The degree of proof is on the balance of probability. S.2 MCA 2007 states that the single clear test for assessing capacity is a â€Å"decision-specific† one. S.2 MCA 2007 makes it clear that just because there is a mental illness lack of capacity cannot be assumed. Frank’s depression may have affected his cognitive ability. However, despite his depression, Frank could have retained his cognitive abilities but his values may be affected. For instance he may feel that his life is not worth living. When he recovers from his depression he may be pleased that he was ventilated. We are not given further details about the accident but it may be relevant if it involved a suicide attempt. A poor decision is not itself evidence of lack of capacity s.1 MCA 2007. It is not the decision itse lf but the decision making process that is relevant to capacity. It the doctors decide that Frank does not have capacity to refuse consent to ventilation he can be ventilated if that is in his best interests. The MCA 2007 lists items for consideration under best interests. No one can give consent on his behalf. Since he is young and expected to recover from his injuries and if there is no alternative suitable treatment then he could legally be ventilated if the doctors decide this is in his best interests. S.5 MCA 2007 confers legality of treatment given in the best interests of an adult who lacks capacity. Common law has also determined that treatment of those lacking competence is on a best interests approach.[27] S.6 MCA confers legality on any necessary force or restraint in treating the patient in their best interests. The keys as detailed in the 2007 act are proper assessment of capacity and best interests. If Frank had appointed a lasting power of attorney according to the MCA 2007 this person could make a decision on treatment for him. If a court was unable to make a decision according to the MCA 2007 a court appointed deputy could make the decision on ventilation on Frank’s behalf. The new court of protection will have ultimate decision making powers according to the MCA 2007. A new and accountable Public Guardian will oversee the way the new systems of attorneys and deputies are operating. If Frank had made an advance decision to refuse treatment according to the MCA 2007 in order for this to be binding to refuse life-saving ventilation it would need to have been in writing, and signed and witnessed. Part d) The issues include whether there was valid consent for the operation to control the bleeding. Further issues arise concerning whether the consent covered the appendicetomy and the involvement of the students and the doctor’s son. Another issue arises as to whether Albert has any claim in negligence. For consent to be valid adequate information about the proposed procedure must be given and in such a way that the patient is able to understand it. There has been a move away from the Bolam test, that is of the amount of information it is reasonable to give – a test which was used in Sidaway,[28] towards a test of how much information the patient needs – the prudent patient test.[29] The General Medical Council recommends as detailed information as possible in the circumstances should be given. We are told Albert was in severe abdominal pain and was finding it difficult to concentrate whilst his consent was being taken. As an adult Albert is assumed to have competence and this is not likely to be negated by being in pain. Dr Engelbert told him he required an urgent operation to deal with internal bleeding and that it is a minor surgical operation on his stomach which will require a general anaesthetic. In an emergency situation with acute abdominal bleeding it is likely that the amoun t of information conveyed would comply with a reasonable standard of care,[30] since the practicalities of the situation have to be taken into account. The consent form is merely evidence of the consent process and not the consent itself.[31] Best practice would involve mentioning about the presence of people in training and this is generally included on the consent form but it might not have been drawn to Albert’s attention especially in view of the emergency nature of his surgery. The involvement of the medical students does not invalidate consent.[32] However the Department of Health recommends that explicit consent for medical student involvement should be sought.[33] It is the procedure for which the consent is taken for not for the operator or the assistants. It is inappropriate for Dr Englebert’s son to have been present in the operating theatre during an operation. It would be appropriate to provide Albert with a full explanation and an apology without undue delay. The next question concerns whether Dr Englebert had consent to remove the slightly inflamed appendix. The consent form, as is standard practice, contained a clause stating â€Å"to such other surgical or other procedures as are medically necessary†. There is a case in Scottish case law[34] on the applicability of an â€Å"any other measures necessary† clause on a consent form. In that case, although there was some debate, it was decided that that wording was sufficient for surgery of a far greater extent than that which was envisaged by the patient. Again what matters is what Albert understood about the procedure and not the wording on the form. The issue is more likely to be decided by whether it was medically necessary to remove the appendix, urgently, and at the time of this operation. If it was then it is covered by the consent process. If it was not, then it should have been left to be removed at another time. There are two Canadian cases on this point. Sterilising a woman without her consent at the time of Caesarean section[35] was held not to be appropriate whereas removing a diseased organ at the time of an operation for something else was.[36] Since the appendix looked abnormal it may have been justified to remove it however this would be decided on the basis of the reasonable standard of care according to the test in Bolam[37] as modified by Bolitho.[38] If Albert wished to bring a claim in negligence alleging the consent was inadequate on account of inadequacy of information he would need to show that the information given to him was below acceptable standards.[39] It was also be required of him to show that had he been given the correct information he would not have consented to the procedure and not have suffered harm as a result. His arguments would be based on any complication of the appendicetomy (of which there appears to be none) or a resulting or aggravated mental health problem but this would encounter difficulti es in proving causation. However in view of the emergency nature of the operation it is unlikely that Albert would be able to show that had he been given more information he would have chosen not to go ahead with the procedure. Bibliography Branthwaite M Beresford N 2003 Law for doctors. London. Royal Society of Medicine Press Davies M 1998 Textbook on Medical Law London Blackstone Hope T Savulescu J Hendrick J 2003 Medical Ethics and Law The Core Curriculum London Churchill Livingstone Howard P Bogle J 2005 Lecture notes: Medical Law and Ethics Oxford Blackwell Publishing Khan M Robson M Swift K 2002 Clinical Negligence 2nd edition London Cavendish Publishing Mason JK McCall Smith RA Laurie GT 2002 Law and Medical Ethics London 6th edition Butterworths McLean S Mason JK 2003 Legal and ethical aspects of healthcare. London Greenwich Medical Media Ltd. Journal Articles Bridge C Religion, culture and conviction the medical treatment of young children 199 9. Child and Family law Quarterly 11.1(1) Browett and Palmer, Altruism by Proxy: volunteering children for bone marrow donation legal barriers might have catastrophic effects (1996) 312 British Medical Journal 240 Footnotes [1]Howard P Bogle J 2005 Lecture notes: Medical Law and Ethics Oxford Blackwell Publishing [2] Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Health Authority [1985] AC 112 [3] Howard P Bogle J 2005 Lecture notes: Medical Law and Ethics Oxford Blackwell Publishing [4] Howard P Bogle J 2005 Lecture notes: Medical Law and Ethics Oxford Blackwell Publishing [5] Bridge C Religion, culture and conviction the medical treatment of young children 1999. Child and Family law Quarterly 11.1(1) [6] Re C (A minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment) (no2) [1990] Fam 39 [7]Re MM (Medical Treatment) [2000] 1 FLR 224 and Re C (HIV Test) [1999] 2 FLR 1004). [8] Branthwaite M Beresford N 2003 Law for doctors. London. Royal Society of Medicine Press [9] Re M and J (Medical Treatment: Siamese Twins) [2001] 1 FLR 1 [10] Re B (a minor) [1981] 1 WLR 1421 [11] Re T (a minor) (wardship: Medical Treatment) [1997] 1 All ER 906 [12] Browett and Palmer, Altruism by Proxy: volunteering children for bone marrow donation legal barriers might have catastrophic effects (1996) 312 British Medical Journal 240 [13] Mason JK McCall Smith RA Laurie GT 2002 Law and Medical Ethics London 6th edition Butterworths [14] Re Y (Mental Incapacity: Bone Marrow Transplant) [1996] 2 FLR 787 [15] Re W (A Minor) (Medical Treatment: Court’s Jurisdiction) [1993] Fam 64 [16] Re J (A Minor) (Medical Treatment [1992] 3 Med LR 317 [17] Re O (A Minor) (Medical Treatment) [1993] 4 Med LR 272 [18] Re B (a minor) [1981] 1 WLR 1421 [19] Re C (a minor) M(Medical Treatment – Refusal of Parental Consent) [1997] 8 Med LR 166 [20] Re T (Adult Refusal of Medical treatment) (1992) 3 Med LR 306 [21] Paton v British Pregnancy Advisory Service [1978] 2 All ER 987 [22] St George’s Healthcare National Health Service Trust v S [1998] The Times, 8th May 1998 [23] Re Y (Mental Incapacity: Bone Marrow Transplant) [1996] 2 FLR 787 [24] Shloendorff v New York Hospit al (1914) 105 NE 92 [25] Re C (Adult Refusal of treatment) [1994] 1 All ER 819 [26] Re MB (Medical Treatment) [1997 2 FLR 426 [27] F v Berkshire HA [1990] 2 AC 1 [28] Sidway v Board of Govenors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985] 1 All ER 643 [29] Pearce v United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust [1998] 48 BMLR 118 [30] Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118; Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1997] 4 All ER 771 [31] Hope T Savulescu J Hendrick J 2003 Medical Ethics and Law The Core Curriculum London Churchill Livingstone [32] Branthwaite M Beresford N 2003 Law for doctors. London. Royal Society of Medicine Press [33] Medical Students in Hospitals. Department of Health HC 91(18). [34] Craig v Glasgow Victoria and Leverndale Hospitals Board of Management (22 March 1974, unreported) [35] Murray v Murchy [1949] 2 DLR 442 [36] Marshall v Curry [1933] 3 DLR 260 [37] Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118 [38] Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1997] 4 All ER 771 [39] Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118; Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1997] 4 All ER 771; Chatterton v Gerson [1981] 1 All ER 257

Entrepreneurship and Innovation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 581 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Today, about 12.5% of the world population is in self employment.   One thing that is common among this population is their dream to become entrepreneurs and realize their dream of being self employed (Veeraraghavan, V., 2009).   The entrepreneurial dream that drives them is the freedom that allows them to start a business and to work towards its growth and expansion.   Many of the millionaires around the world have time and again explained how they build their business empires through this way.   Who then is an entrepreneur?   An entrepreneur is defined as that person who has the dream, ability of building as well as developing their own business (Morris, M. H. et al, 2010).   The fact is that entrepreneurship is a risky business affair – what with starting a business from scratch with limited resources.   In other words, entrepreneurship is basically starting a business from the ground with the hope that it will develop and grow successfully.   In as much as there is quite a big risk involved in becoming an entrepreneur, it is however rewarding as regards personal endeavor.   If there is anything that other people can do, it is to admire the determination and the hard work that entrepreneurs put into achieving their dreams.   For an entrepreneur to succeed, he/she must display the willingness required to prosper within the risks involved at both financial and personal levels and also go beyond to beat all odds so that they work in the entrepreneur’s favor.  Ã‚   Apart from hard work, other driving forces that entrepreneurs posses are perseverance and commitment at all levels of the business.   They only look at the end result being a winning situation.   Instead of dwelling on mistakes with regret and a sense of giving up, entrepreneurs use the mistakes as learning ground to make them better and more polished.   Despite the ups and downs that come their way, entrepreneurs have a strong belief in themselves and very confident on what they have set to do (Cie?lik, J. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Entrepreneurship and Innovation" essay for you Create order (2017). Innovation on the other hand refers to applying better solutions directed at meeting new requirements or needs (market or unarticulated needs).   Innovation results in efficiency of products, services, business models, technology and processes which already exist in the market and society in general including governments. If we are to achieve competitiveness in the enterprise, sustainable innovation is a condition (Leal-Millà ¡n, A. et al, 2018).   Through innovation, it is possible to increase competition in the production of goods and services for maximum profit.   However, practical experience in the area of innovation lacks which makes development of innovation to occur in a slow rate especially in developing countries.   This is because research has always taken a back seat when it came to public research institutions.   There is a glaring disconnect between institutions of higher learning, business enterprises as well as financial institutions.   Innovation is a pr ocess – from how an idea inception upto and including the end result.   It involves production, its exchanges and finally the consumption of the end product.   For innovation to be complete, a combination and integration of entrepreneurship, education, science, economics, technology and lastly management is required (Garcia, D. H et al, 2017).   That is to say, innovation requires collective and combined effort for it to succeed.   Just like in entrepreneurship, development of innovation requires motivation combined with commitment towards its development and management.   According to Colombelli, A. et al (2016), innovation companies should be at the forefront in allocating the requisite resources for the development of new products as well as marketing.

Talcott Parsons And Structural Functionalism - 1428 Words

Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad focus on the social structure that shape society as a whole, and believes that society has evolved like organisms. This approach looks at both social structure and social institutions. A common analogy, popularized by Herbert Spencer, presents these parts of society as â€Å"organs† that work toward the proper functioning of the â€Å"body† as a whole. In the most basic terms, it simply emphasizes the effort to impute, as rigorously as possible, to each feature, custom, or†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, one person can and does fulfill many different roles at the same time. In one sense, an individual can be seen to be a composition and fulfilling its functional needs so that society runs smoothly. Functionalist never spoke about a society where there was no conflict or some kind of perfect equilibrium. A society’s cultural value-system was in the typical case never completely integrated, never static and most of the time, like in the case of the American society in a complex state of transformation relative to its historical point of departure. To reach a perfect equilibrium was not any serious. Socialization is supported by the positive and negative sanctioning of role behaviors that do or do not meet these expectations. A punishment could be informal, like gossip, or more formalized, through institutions such as prison and mental homes. If these two processes were perfect, society would become static and unchanging, but in reality this is unlikely to occur for long. Individuals in interaction with changing situations adapt through a process of role bargaining. Once the roles are established, they create norms that guide further action and are thus cre ating stability across social interactions. Where the adaptation process cannot adjust, due to sharp shocks or immediate radical change, structural dissolution occurs and either newShow MoreRelated The Structural Theory of Functionalism Essay640 Words   |  3 PagesIn social science, Functionalism is the theory that put pressure on the dependence of the patterns and institutions of our society and her interaction by preserving her cultural and society unity. In Sociology, functionalism came from the sociologist EMILE DURKHEIM, who viewed our society as a sort of â€Å"ORGANISM† that brings with it certain â€Å"needs† that must be complete. The American sociologist Talcott Parsons analysed very extensive societies with regards to their social order, integration andRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Illness Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pagesof people which leads into the next part of how functionalism and mental illness relate. Out of the three sociological theories: conflict, social interactionism, and functionalism, the one best matched to serve as a â€Å"lens† for thinking more deeply about the mental illness stigma is functionalism. The functionalist perception is based largely on the ideas and works of Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. Functionalism is best described as society as a system of interconnectedRead MoreStructural Functionalism, Neo-Functionalism Conflict Theory System3328 Words   |  14 PagesStructural Functionalism, Neo-Functionalism Conflict Theory System Theory The origin of sociology developed and took place in Europe during the early eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The factors that led to the development of sociology are industrial economy, the growth of cities, and political change. Europe was changing from agriculture to factory production. Masses of people moved to the cities in search of work. In cities people met anonymity, crowding, filth, and poverty. The IndustrialRead MoreStructural Funcionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism1410 Words   |  6 Pagesfail to satisfy completely. For each theory, I will discuss the basics and cover the main tenants of each. Then, I will discuss the ambiguities, inadequacies and irrelevance to reality based on our current understanding of modern society. Structural Functionalism In the Functionalist School of Thought, society is viewed as being a complex structure of inter-related parts, analogous to a living being, with many different organs contributing to the daily functioning and health of the entire organismRead MoreReactionism And Structural Functionalism Theory992 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction Have you ever felt that everything in this world is interconnected in some way? It’s as if everything won’t function if one thing fails to do what it’s supposed to do. This is structural functionalism. II. Theory and Definition Structural functionalism theory states that society is held together by social bonds, which are religion, shared values, traditions and cultural norms. Every one of them has the same goals and agendas they want to achieve. Each individual is assigned a certainRead MoreStructural Functionalism1448 Words   |  6 PagesStructural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.[1] This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole, and believes that society has evolved like organisms.[2] This approach looks at both social structure and social functions. Functionalism addresses society as a wholeRead MoreThe Role of Theory in Social Research1613 Words   |  7 Pagesstating that will not be enough. In sociology, what need to be done are the reasons for stating that fac t, and what it means for the society as a whole. Therefore, facts cannot stand alone without theory because they complete each other in a way. Talcott Parsons gives a different example in regards to this; â€Å"Few if any empiricists are content with discrete facts. They go beyond this to maintain the existence of relations of interdependence, casual relations. It is stated not merely that the steam railroadRead MoreTalcott Parsons was born December 13, 1902 in Colorado Springs, Colorado. As an undergraduate at600 Words   |  3 PagesTalcott Parsons was born December 13, 1902 in Colorado Springs, Colorado. As an undergraduate at Amherst College, Parsons studied sociology, philosophy and biology. He received his bachelor’s degree in 1924, then moved on to studying at the London School of Economics. Later, he received his Ph.D. in sociology and economics from the University of Heidelberg in Germany. After earning his Ph.D., Parsons taught at Amherst College for one year, an d then went on to be an instructor at Harvard UniversityRead MoreEmergence Of Structural Functionalism. Structural Functionalist1402 Words   |  6 Pagesof Structural Functionalism Structural functionalist theories are grounded in the thought that society and family are congenial entities and, as such, the harmony between the two is the natural state of people, as found in Leeder (2004). Structural functionalism, and the viewing of the family as a social system, is at the core of the family process and other theories. To understand structural-functionalism, we must first understand the coalescing theories in which it is rooted, functionalism andRead MoreDiscuss Marxism and Functuionalism and Compare1133 Words   |  5 Pagesnot suffice; he wanted to build scientific theories based on critical awareness of society. The two main stems of sociological concepts are Positivism and Phenomenology. Both Functionalism and Marxism are Positivist theories. This means that philosophies are built by using scientific research methods to create structural perspectives. Positivism is called macro sociology because it looks at society holistically; it also emphasises the power of Society and how this effects man’s behaviour. Positivism

Problem Areas of FEMA - 1038 Words

Some of the problem areas of FEMA in relation to the disasters that have occurred in the last decade in the US are: †¢ â€Å"DOD, FEMA, and the state of Louisiana had difficulty coordinating with each other, which slowed the response† . †¢ â€Å"DOD/DHS coordination was not effective during Hurricane Katrina† . †¢ There is a question of turf amongst officials . With interdepartmental rivalry hurting the cause of prompt disaster relief. †¢ â€Å"FEMA management lacked situational awareness of existing requirements and of resources in the supply chain. An overwhelmed logistics system made it challenging to get supplies, equipment, and personnel where and when needed† . †¢ FEMA has issues regarding logistics provisioning and the availability of trained staff for procurement of logistic requirements . †¢ â€Å"The Homeland Security Operations Center failed to provide valuable situational information to the White House and key operational officials during the disaster†. †¢ â€Å"Despite extensive preparedness initiatives, DHS was not prepared to respond to the catastrophic effects of Hurricane Katrina†. †¢ â€Å"A lack of personnel, training, and funding also weakened command and control†. †¢ â€Å"Ineffective command and control delayed many relief efforts†. †¢ The Secretary Department of Homeland Security should have designated the Principal Federal Official on Saturday, two days prior to landfall, from the roster of PFOs who had successfully completed the required training, unlike then FEMA Director Michael Brown.Show MoreRelatedFederalism Essay849 Words   |  4 PagesPart One: The Storm The Storm: Chaos and Tragedy:   Answer the following questions as you view the PBS video excerpt Chaos and Tragedy. According to Frontline, what problems were caused by the following groups: The Local and state officials? Fail to plan The U.S. military? Waited too long FEMA? Poorly led The Government? Indifferent to victims who were poor and black Why was the Louisiana National Guard unable to help? 300 soldiers were trapped inside headquartersRead MoreHurricane Response820 Words   |  3 Pagesimagine for a moment the condition of one who is, following a major weather-related disaster, homeless, wet, cold, hungry, tired, hungry and scared having lost possessions and nearly ones life. Upon applying for assistance from FEMA, those applying are instructed to access FEMA online for assistance. Consider that there is no power and will not be for days and possibly weeks and even if there were, one cannot return home to use their computer because it is flooded or washed away by the sea. This isRead MoreThe Hurricane Devastation Of Louisiana1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthey would remember for the rest of their lives. The impact of this storm to the people of Louisiana was felt by more than just their wallets, but by the touching and emotional tails of the residents who had the unique experience of living in the area as the worst of the storm hit. Animals, infants, children, newly weds, tourists, and the elderly were all affected by the Natural Disaster that was Hurricane Katrina as it hit New Orleans in August of 2005. Roy Calibrisi, who was 83 at the time ofRead MoreThe Creation Of Fema And The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( Fema )1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe Creation of FEMA started out as a beautiful theory. Before FEMA we had an Acts constructed to make the situation better but FEMA was constructed to assistance the situations first hand so that the American people were catered to at a quicker response and in a manner that was assessed for safety situations. â€Å"On April 1, 1979, President Jimmy Carter signed the executive order that created the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). From day one, FEMA has remained committed to protecting andRead MoreThe Natural Disaster Of Hurricane Katrina817 Words   |  4 Pagesfamiliar with the south and particular New Orleans area is that it is a predominantly African-American area. â€Å"Before the storm, the city’s population was mostly black (about 67 percent); moreover, nearly 30 percent of its people lived in poverty. Katrina exacerbated these conditions, and left many of New Orleans’s poorest citizens even more vulnerable than they had been before the storm† (History,2009). This quote just gives one the racial makeup of the area in which Hurricane Katrina hit. In additionRead MoreOperation FEMA Camps Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesOperation FEMA Camps On October 1, 2013 Obama had signed a law passing the Obama Care to help people with healthcare, but in fact forced the government to shut down and eliminate food share to help pay for the Obama care. Due to the fact that many people rely on the government’s food share to help them survive, thousands of people were declined from Obama care and therefore had no healthcare and no food to help them survive. The Government shutdown is the beginning of Homeland security’s â€Å"ENDGAME†Read MoreThe Storm Of The Hurricane Katrina1193 Words   |  5 Pagespeople were in desperate need of food, water, shelter, and seek medical help too. 38 hours of communication was none existed, it wasn’t the real help they first needed. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) did posted communication system but not often, the lack of communication made the crisis even worse. A year earlier FEMA under Brown control sponsor Hurricane Pam for the purposed of Hurricane Katrina. The purpose of the Hurricane Pam exercise was to be prepare for the real Hurricane. CountlessRead MoreDisaster Management Organization1042 Words   |  4 Pagesrequirements for disaster management, the stage is now set for pitch the problem against the requirement i.e. to observe whether existing disaster management organizations are upto the scratch as far as fulfilling their roles is concerned or are there any organizational issues which if resolved would improve disaster management. We shall be studying a few organizations in this regard. U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) FEMA was established under the 1978 Reorganization Plan No. 3, and activatedRead MoreFault For The Recovery Efforts Of Hurricane Katrina1511 Words   |  7 Pagestowards FEMA. In fact, most experts in the hurricane field knew a storm the size of Katrina would absolutely decimate the city of New Orleans. The levee system was the primary failure point as mention by The Times-Picayune (2002), â€Å"another scenario is that some part of the levee would fail†. These levees, combined with the geographical properties of the city itself, are faults, which clearly were out of FEMAs control. Yet FEMA is still the blame winner, and the reasoning, is actually not FEMAs faultRead MoreAn Examination of Emergency Management Planning, Procedures, and Analysis of the 9/11 Scenario1408 Words   |  6 Pagesminimizing their effects. (ALN Magazine, 2012, p.1) This phase of emergency response is one that guards from problems occurring or limiting the severity of those problems. It is reporte d that used are engineering-type solutions to address vulnerabilities identified through the planning process. Examples might include an emergency generator to power critical equipment, secure storage area for food and water, portable heaters or air conditioners, flood control and even protection of computer based

Key Elements For Commit Fraud - 1673 Words

Elements There are five elements needed to commit fraud: (1) a false statement containing material fact, (2) the defendant possesses the knowledge that the statement is untrue, (3) the false statement’s intent is to deceive the intended victim, (4) the intended victim justifiably relies on the statement, and (5) the ending result is financial injuries to the intended victim. All false statements do not constitute for fraud; it needs to contain a material fact. The materiality of the statement induces the intended victim to agree to something with the defendant. Statements of belief (puffing) are not considered fraudulent since there are no legitimate statement of fact. For example, Joe goes to buy a car and the dealer says the Prius†¦show more content†¦Corporate governances work as a principal catalyst for stakeholders to raise corporate awareness and expectations regarding appropriate behavior and practices. Stakeholders use their fraud knowledge to contribute to the c ompany’s Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics for management and employees as well as participate in risk mitigation efforts. Stakeholders can also participate in boards that create programs that focus on the prevention, detection, and deterrence of criminal and fraudulent acts. The goal of the programs is to ensure that everyone is making the right decisions in the workplace (Managing the Business Risk of Fraud: A Practical Guide n.d.) Theories of Crime Causations There are three theories of crime causations: (1) the strain theory, (2) the control theory, and (3) the social learning theory. However, there are also biological causation of crimes which are further broken down into psychological, economic, and political theories. Understanding the sociological causes of why fraud is committed helps fraud investigators identify perpetrators and the crime. Sociological theories enable fraud investigators to learn how a white-collar criminal’s social environment impacts his or her desire to commit a crime. Each theory focuses on the common social environments like family, workplace, and community, but they are also very different. They eachShow MoreRelatedFinancial Fraud, And Identification Of The Different Fraud Types1734 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of fraud, in order to aid understanding in regards to the prevention of fraudulent activity. This paper begins with a review of the definition of financial fraud, and identification of the different fraud types. Further, included is an examination of what motivates individuals to commit fraud, including an identification of some of the method in which people commit fraud. A discussion of the importance of the fraud triangle, and how rationalization contributes to fraud is a key area of focusRead MoreOrganizations Can Easily be Taken Advantage of by the Fraud Triangle784 Words   |  4 Pagesclients and break the law. The best example can be illustrated in the fraud triangle which gives more explanation of why people commit fraud. The fraud triangle is divided into three parts which are the followings: Perceived Opportunity, Pressure, and Rationalization. According to Cressey, the most important part of the fraud triangle is pressure which is known as perceived non-shareable financial need. A person commits a fraud because he or she might have some financial pressure in their familyRead MoreThe Corruption Of The Fraud Triangle1640 Words   |  7 Pageslikel ihood of fraud increases when the three elements of the fraud triangle come together. Analyze how the three elements of the fraud triangle are important and how all three elements were present in Helen’s case. The three elements of the fraud triangle are Motivation or Pressure, Opportunity and Rationalization. After reading the case, it was revealed that all of the three elements are present the Helen’s fraudulent activities. Motivation: This is a reason for why the fraudsters commit frauds. It providesRead MoreFraud Triangle And Red Flags1485 Words   |  6 PagesOption #1 - Fraud Triangle and Red Flags Plutonium entered the Internet start-up boom in 1988. It experienced rapid growth that resulted in a haphazard information technology (IT) system in which pieces of technology were implemented quickly leaving poor integration and data integrity. To strengthen data integrity and create an integrated IT system, the organization installed a billing system, Gateway, which required testing utilizing an imitation yet live credit card number to test the softwareRead MoreFinancial Statement Fraud : A Perfect Fraud Storm1304 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial statement fraud is something that has become more commonplace than it should be. Many different events will often lead up to a rash of companies participating in financial statement fraud. Between the year 2000 and 2002 there were a number of factors that led to what appeared to be a perfect fraud storm according to our text (Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman, 2012). Nine of those will be looked at here. It will also be discuss ed as to what some of the common ways financialRead MoreFraud Risk Assessment1083 Words   |  5 Pages | Fraud Risk Assessment | | Fraud Risk Assessment | Fraud risk assessment is a process intended at proactively identifying and addressing an organization’s vulnerabilities to internal and external fraud. The fraud risk assessment is more of an art than a science. Every organization is different therefore what gets evaluated and what is assessed depends on the organization. Fraud risk assessments are an ongoing, continuous process rather than just an activity. A fraud risk assessmentRead MoreMACC program1548 Words   |  7 Pagesand help ensure that plan information is complete and accurate, financial statements are reliable, and that the plan complies with laws and regulations. Part 2: The Plot Thickens 1) At what point should the Internal Audit Department suspect a fraud? What actions should be considered to ensure that professional auditing standards are met? Whom does the Internal Audit Department need to inform? When doing audit, the auditors should have a professional skepticism on each transaction. In the caseRead More‚Äà ²Marxism Is No Longer Relevant to Our Understanding of Crime Deviance in Society‚Äà ´1269 Words   |  6 Pagesdole fraud are 14,000 annually and cost the British economy  £500 Million, while tax fraud costs  £5 billion to the economy, but annually there are only 20 prosecutions. It could be argued that tax fraud is much more profitable than dole fraud; however, Marxist’s would argue tax fraud is a White-Collar crime and therefore performed mostly by the upper class that have the power and money to either have their ‘crimes’ go undetected or can afford a top defence to help them ‘get off’ the tax fraud chargeRead MoreThe North Face, Inc Case Essays665 Words   |  3 Pagesrevenue until the revenue has occurred. Barter transaction is the transaction that a company receives trade credits in exchange for merchandi ses, it should be recorded at the fair value of the merchandise given up. Though the exchange value of this element is recognized, the fair value on the excess merchandise that was sold to the barter company was clearly questionable. And a large portion of the 9.3 millions dollars that was recorded for the consignment sales was improper because it violated SFASRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ACC/561 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Following a number of discovered fraud scandals committed by well-known corporations and in order to restore public confidence in the stock market and trading of securities, the United States congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the year 2002. As a result of the act endorsement by the New York Stock Exchange and the Securities and Exchange Commission, among many other national overseeing committees, a number of rules and regulations

Nursing image analysis Free Essays

When answering the question whose image in the world literature, movies or TV is the most popular there are no many people whom the image of the nurse would occur to. The image of the nurse is, generally, referred to so-called secondary characters. Their activities aren’t so well-seen as, for example, policeman or physician’s ones. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing image analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now A nurse accomplishes with another kind of work in the course of which she is suggested to help someone, to be a support for patients, a right hand for physicians. That is a kind of profession not very popular one but everyone can have needs of. A wide range of books, movies, TV programs have created various interpretations of the nurse’s images. It would be interesting to distinguish the most general and common traits of their character. In order to learn the relationships between nurses and other characters, for example, physicians whether who of them takes control of the whole situation that’s enough to look through a movie or read over any scene which nurse takes place in. Nurse is almost always silent. Her or his activities are rather reduced and consist in a noiseless accomplishment of his/her duties. A physician who is suggested to be more educated and responsible always directs the situation and a nurse is practically always a subordinate person. But speaking about understanding of the patient’s needs the situation can be different. The physician gets opinion as to the patient’s needs according to his knowledge and professional experiences. A nurse understands patient’s requirements basing on her/his     first-hand and continuous communication with this patient. Here takes place mutual immediate understanding between nurse and patient which is not less important for the latest than the physician’s interference. Regarding being nurse a man or woman the answer is clear. Being a nurse is always associated with being a woman. Due to its natural traits women are more open-hearted and compassionate than men. Therefore, the profession of the nurse matches women much more than men. Though, exceptions are present here too. For example, non-stereotypical Philadelphia nurse Keynan Hobbs has won the Soap Nurse Sweepstakes for supplying the most examples of non-stereotypical soap opera mail-nurse characters. From being a woman a lot of accompanying factors appear here, e.g. age, sexual attractiveness and so on. It’s very hard to determine the average nurse’s age. They appear as young, mature and old as well. To make some difference, a nurse is represented often as a middle-aged woman whose marital status isn’t an important point. Though nurses are often lonely this detail isn’t usually very well highlighted in order to make the image free for other author’s objects. As to the characteristics of a nurse as a woman it must be said that the usage of the nurse’s image in the world wide sex industry is a very efficient one. Attractive girls in white smocks are very popular among men and there is nothing denying it. The appealing to the physical characteristics is only expressed here. But speaking about common nurse’s character out of sexual motives she is, generally, an attractive girl or woman as she has to cause positive traits in patient’s mind. As it was already mentioned the image of the nurse is first of all a secondary one. Referring this personage, from the numerous movies with nurse’s participation, the spectator, basically, remembers only white smock and tray with medicines. Of course, there are exclusions when the image of the nurse expands and the author makes a nurse its protagonist providing her with all the armory of positive or negative traits. But to say truth, nurses are depicted as negative characters only in cheap thrillers. The classical nurse personages are beneficent and warm-hearted. The profession of nears means love and understanding. Their personal traits are more than normal and socially-accepted. The colorful example of â€Å"The English Patient† by Anthony Minghella proves that. A French-Canadian nurse, Hana, has gathered in herself all those features so characteristic for the image of the nurse. Michael Ondaatje (1996): â€Å"She reads to her patient, but is not sure whether or not he listens. The nurse spends much of her time gardening, growing enough vegetables for them to eat, to trade a little, and to survive. They inhabit a bombed-out villa. In many parts, rain falls freely into the house. The German army had occupied the house and has left mines throughout. The nurse knows these dangers but does not pay much attention to them. She is only twenty years old and enjoys sleeping in the library, with its view of the night sky.†(n.p.).That’s one of the classical images of the nurse in the world art. The values nurse’s image usually provides are and must be classified as human and sympathizer and condolatory. Of course, we aren’t to forget about the classical situation from the movies and detective stories when using a nurse to kill someone being in a hospital as a result of criminal affairs. Lately, a great deal of thrillers and other similar products can boast with the creation of the new image of a nurse-killer. But that’s not enough to state this image as one of the significant. Concerning the career ambitions the profession of a nurse isn’t a convenient one to be discussed here. Actually, the career of a nurse doesn’t provide a colorful perspective. Due to this a nurse is suggested to be an altruist person. For the majority of nurses portrayed anywhere the career isn’t a focus of effort. They are rather devoting themselves to a good professional accomplishment of their obligations. And that’s one of the main particularities that differs nurses form the rest of personages. She is a typical background personage and ambitions about career aren’t characteristic for her. The above mentioned characteristics are proper of the majority of the described nurse’s images. Of course, human fantasy have created a lot of different versions of this character all over its history but those above are the most common traits as to the nurse.   Taking into consideration all mentioned above, it’s necessary to make a conclusion that the nurse’s image in the modern art is, primarily, a secondary one with rather vivaciously expressed positive traits. This image has changed a little all over the times due to its constant and well-aimed character. The image of a kind, easygoing woman in white smock promises to keep on appearing in masterpieces of the future art. Bibliography. 1.   Ondaatje, M. (1996).The English Patient. SparkNotes, Today’s most popular study guides from BarnesNoble , chapter 1. Retrieved September 25, 2005, from    http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/englishpatient/section1.html How to cite Nursing image analysis, Essay examples

Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. Answer: Introduction The control of food intake in humans is a very complicated process. Hunger as well as satiety are being affected by different physiological factors and process, each of which has salient features of its own. The hypothalamus has two distinct centers which act during the regulation of food intake. A feeding center that is tonically active and a satiety center that inhibits the feeding center thereby stopping food intake. Signals from these centers results in the changes in feeding habits of an animal and creates their sensation of hunger or fullness management (Soria-Gmez et al., 2014). The glucostatic theory suggests that if the glucose level is high it inhibits the feeding center by not suppressing the satiety center and as a result the animal loses its desire to eat. When blood glucose level decreases due to excess of insulin the satiety center is suppressed and as a result the feeding center gets activated and hence the animal senses hunger or has the desire to eat. Hence in case of a diabetic patient whose glucose level is already high that person will have less desire to eat. The lipostatic theory is another theory that states that the bodies eating behavior is dependent on the amount of fat present in the body. The body usually tries to balance its eating behavior by modulating the brain so that it can maintain a certain amount of body weight. If the fat storage increases then eating decreases and vice versa. Obesity is the result when this mechanism gets hampered. A hormone called leptin is also responsible for maintaining the body weight of an animal. It is secreted from adipocytes and acts as a messenger between the adipose tissue and the brain. This protein is produced under the control of the gene obese (ob). It has been found that the animals lacking the gene leptin as well as animals having a defective leptin gene tends to become obese (Hall, 2015). Nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS) management are a group of sensory nuclei which form a column of grey matter which is embedded into the medulla oblongata. One of the main functions of it is that it provides the sensation of taste from the facial nerve as it makes up around two third portion of the anterior part of our tongue. If it is active more then it increases the food intake whereas if it is damaged or less active then the person loses the desire to eat as the food seems tasteless. The hormone ghrelin is produced from stomach when the feeding center is active and this hormone is responsible for the sensation of hunger. When the satiety center is active it stops the synthesis of this hormone which results in loss of appetite and the desire to eat. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide which is composed of around thirty six amino acids which acts between the autonomic nervous system and the brain as a neurotransmitter. It is mainly acts as a vasoconstrictor and also helps in the buildup of fat tissue in the abdominal region. It also interferes with the production of leptin and makes the gene mutated at high concentrations which in turn results in excess food intake by the organism and results in obesity. Melanocortins are group of peptides which are released from the pituitary gland that acts as receptors for various corticotropin hormones. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a forty one amino acid peptide which is involved in stress response. It is released from the hypothalamus and excess of CRH results in lowering of the NPY peptide and hence reduces the food intake by the organism (Rizzo, 2015). Peptide YY (PYY) or peptide tyrosine-tyrosine is present in humans management. It is made up of thirty-six amino acids and is secreted from the ileum and colon in response to feeding. PYY secretion inhibits feeding which is an antagonist to the function of ghrelin which induces feeding by the sensation of hunger. Obese people become resistant to leptin and tend to have less amount of PYY in their body (Crespo et al., 2014). Orexin builds the desire to eat food, and associates with the capacity of the substances that increases its production. Orexin is likewise appeared to increase the size of the meal by the suppression of postingestive feedback. They are inhibited by the action of leptin and becomes active by the action of ghrelin and hypoglycaemia (Sherwood, 2015). Conclusion From the above discussion, it is indicated that the sensation of hunger and satiety is not dependent only on one or two factors but is a complex mechanism where various factors play a crucial role. Each of these mechanisms is interlinked and function in collaboration to maintain the balance of food intake as required by an individual. References Crespo, C. S., Cachero, A. P., Jimnez, L. P., Barrios, V., Ferreiro, E. A. (2014). Peptides and food intake.Frontiers in endocrinology,5. Hall, J. E. (2015).Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Rizzo, D. C. (2015).Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. Cengage Learning. Sherwood, L. (2015).Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage learning. Soria-Gmez, E., Bellocchio, L., Reguero, L., Lepousez, G., Martin, C., Bendahmane, M., ... Wiesner, T. (2014). The endocannabinoid system controls food intake via olfactory processes.Nature neuroscience,17(3), 407-415.

Colonial Effect on Native Americans free essay sample

During the colonial era European emigrants had a dramatic influence on the native people living on the North American continent. Previous to the arrival of the colonists the native people had enjoyed their own culture, customs and way of life. Many lived in smaller settlements spread far apart across the American continents. In their culture the men hunted for game while the women played the role of farmers. The men in comparison to the English aristocracy worked harder and the women could own land. Personal possessions were limited to only what could be carried due to a nomadic lifestyle. Throughout the hundreds of years that the native people had been around they had become accustomed to their lifestyle; however that was all about to change. Making the journey across the ocean was not just the Europeans but their own unique culture that was shockingly different from that of the natives. According to European Christian views man was given by god, the right to rule over everything in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Colonial Effect on Native Americans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This right, to the settlers, also included the Indians because the bible says nothing about them. To the settlers the Indians were obviously subpar and therefore could be dealt with however they pleased. Christian and Amerindian views are so unrelated that they are hardly comparable. To the Indian Christians worshipped their deity by eating him instead of making sacrifices to him. While to the Christians the Aztecs seemed to be devil worshippers who engaged in cannibalism, human sacrifice had skull racks and decorated their temples with snake motifs. Because of their â€Å"god given dominance† the settlers believed that they could force upon the Indians the Christian religion. The the action of forcing upon the Indians Christianity caused a substantial social and cultural upheaval. In European culture the men would farm, hunt and gather to provide for the family and when the settlers arrived in the Americas they proceeded to force the Indians to change their way of life. To the Indians farming was for the women and therefore to be forced to farm by the settlers made the Indians feel that they had been reduced in status. Many battles were fought by the settlers against the Indians because the Indians did not want to change their lifestyle. Many Indians and settlers alike died fighting each other when if the English and Spanish had just let the Indians alone there would have been no bloodshed. The Indians used guerilla style warfare to attack the settlers by killing women and children, burning crops and destroying villages. The English had finally had enough, and decided to wage war with the Amerindians. The native inhabitants of America felt great change in their lives as the settlers arrived because the settlers imposed on them their culture and religious views. They treated the Indians like dogs and made them work as slaves for the â€Å"dominant† white race. So in all, the time of the English and Spanish colonization native inhabitants watched as their lives were turned upside down.

Life Changing Event - How to Deal With It

Life Changing Event - How to Deal With ItLife changing events can cause a lot of stress to individuals who are facing this kind of life altering event. These events are devastating for the mind and emotions of the people involved.Living with the aftermath of this kind of event is something most people would find hard to deal with. There is a need to look at the whole story and figure out what was the cause behind the tragedy and how this event has affected the other people. There are some steps that can be taken by people who are experiencing a change in their lives and are looking for some advice to understand the whole story.When you talk about this kind of event it is like a curse for most people who have been caught up in the event. It is one thing when people suffer from a single event but for a lot of people, the event changes their lives completely. It may be one day or four months later, the same person who experienced a trauma from a one day's event may find his entire life ruined. The one common denominator of all such events is that the people who experience them are helpless and cannot think straight.It can be said that once someone experiences such a kind of event, the only thing that can be done is to learn from the experience and to improve on your critical thinking skills. Once people get used to thinking in a certain way, they will always remember the same kind of thinking which can lead to some disastrous results.The events of the event must be analyzed carefully to determine whether these were the result of your own ignorance or the way you handled the situation. A wise man knows the importance of preparing oneself and that is why he does not react to the first shock and does not panic even when he is about to lose everything. This is because he knows that a person who is not aware of his surroundings can never be successful in every move he takes.This is why you should learn the importance of developing your critical thinking skills and spen ding some time to analyze things in detail. Being prepared is the best antidote to all events which can easily wreck a person's confidence.If you are not able to face such an event, there is no need to fret about it. The whole story can be relayed to a trusted person who can act as your mediator so that you do not face any heart break. In this way, you can also come to know what you really have to deal with in the event.

Finc2011 Major Assignment Essay Essay Example

Finc2011 Major Assignment Essay Paper Executive sum-upFrank winfield woolworths Limited ( WOW ) . which is one of the listed companies in Australian Security Exchange ( ASX ) ( ASX 200 ) . is the largest supermarket in Australia ( Kruger 2013 ) . it specializes in the food markets. nutrient and retailing ( WOOLWORTHS LIMITED ( WOW ) 2013 ) . The purpose of this study is to gauge and find the dividend growing rate. stock return and current portion monetary value of Woolworths. Methods used for the appraisal include dividend growing theoretical account. Capital Asset Pricing Model ( CAPM ) and Gordon’s Growth Model. The consequences of the appraisal indicate that the dividend payments will continuous increasing in the hereafter. the return on the company’s assets is sensible and its portion monetary value is expected to lift. We will write a custom essay sample on Finc2011 Major Assignment Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Finc2011 Major Assignment Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Finc2011 Major Assignment Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In add-on. recommendations associated with the investing determination will be provided to the public investors sing to the hazards in the market by comparing with companies within the same industry. However. there are still a figure of restrictions of the study such as a few premises are made for computations and restrictions due to the difference of hazard free rate. Calculation of Growth Rate:The attack used to gauge the growing rate ( g ) for dividend payments of Woolworths is: g = Ploughback Ratio x Return on Equity ( ROE )Ploughback Ratio = 1 – Payout Ratio In which. payout ratio refers to the ratio of dividends to net incomes per portion ( EPS ) ( Brealey. Myers and Allen 2011 ) . Souce: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. woolworthslimited. com. au/annualreport/2012/pdf/WW_AR12_Full. pdf Based on the figures above. the growing rate ( g ) for the 2012 should be: g = ( 1 – 0. 8528 ) x 0. 2722 = 4. 01 % In order to calculate out a more accurate growing rate. the norm should be taken from 2008 to 2012. As it is shown in the tabular array. the mean g = 7. 68 % . Harmonizing to Woolworth’s one-year study ( 2012 ) . the payout ratio is rather stable. despite there is a sudden addition in 2012 ; hence. we could presume that the dividend payout ratio is changeless. Meanwhile. although Woolworths’ Return on Equity ( ROE ) shows a little lessening from 2008 to 2012. it is still reasonably steady – stopping point to 28 % . Since both of two premises – changeless dividend payout and return on equity – are satisfied ( Mellare 2013 ) . g = Ploughback x ROE is suppose to be an appropriate method to gauge the dividend growing rate for Woolworths. Calculation of needed return utilizing CAPMCapital Asset Pricing Model ( CAPM ) is a method used to mensurate the hazard and return of an plus. which describes that each expected hazard premium of an plus should lift in proportion to its beta ( Brealey. Myers and Allen 2011 ) : In which. Rhode Island refers to the return on plus. releasing factor refers to the hazard free rate of return. beta is the covariance and ( rm-rf ) is the market hazard premium ( Brealey. Myers and Allen 2011 ) . To get down with. hazard free rate ( releasing factor ) should be determined. Generally. 10 old ages authorities bonds rate is considered to be risk free rate as it is normally believed that a authorities would be improbable to default on its duties ( McNickle 2011 ) . However. it does non intend that authorities bonds face no hazards. it still encounter rising prices and involvement rate hazard ( Brealey. Myers and Allen 2011 ) . Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. rba. gov. asu/statistics/tables/xls/f02d. xls? accessed=2013-05-22-21-18-20 Harmonizing to the Capital Market Yields – 10 old ages Government Bonds provided by Reserve Bank of Australia ( 2013 ) . the 10-year authorities bond rates in 21th May 2013 is 3. 26 % . which should be used as the hazard free rate ( releasing factor ) for the computation of CAPM. Beginning:hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ato. gov. au/super/content. aspx? menuid=0 A ; doc=/content/60489. htm A ; page=36 A ; H36 However. those may reason that based on the historical information from Australian Taxation Office ( 2013 ) – the tabular array above. the norm of hazard free rate from 2003 to 2012 is calculated to be 5. 34 % . which should be the hazard free rate for the computation alternatively of 3. 26 % . Nevertheless. since the hazard free rate is ever altering. in order to gauge the return for plus more accurately. the current hazard free rate 3. 26 % is supposed to be taken for the appraisal. In this phase. the hazardous needed return ( rm ) . the same as market return. should be calculated. Stock market index is an attack to measure the value of stock market and S A ; P/ASX 200 is the most important stock market index which tracks the public presentation of two hundred large Australian corporations ( Australia Stock Market ( S A ; P/ASX 200 ) 2013 ) . Currently. S A ; P/ASX 200 is a primary portion market index in Australia which replaced the All Ordinaries in April 2000 and has become the benchmark for investing for the Australian Securities Exchange ( ASX ) ( ASX 200 2013 ) . Therefore. S A ; P/ASX 200 is the best index of the market return and used to find the market return. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //blackboard. econ. usyd. edu. au/bbcswebdav/pid-636137-dt-content-rid-201558_2/courses/FINC2011_SEM1_2013/All % 20Ords % 20Accumulation % 20Indices. forty Based on the information from S A ; P/ASX 200 Accumulation index ( day-to-day ) . which is provided by Mellare ( 2013 ) . the annual index could be calculated by averaging all of the day-to-day indexes for that twelvemonth. Annual market return ( rm ) can be determined by: In which. old market index refers to the index for twelvemonth T and new index is the index for twelvemonth ( t+1 ) . A tabular array for the computation of market return will be created in a similar manner with the S A ; P/ ASX200 tabular array ( see Appendix – 1 ) for the periods of 10old ages in order to follow with ASX. Due to the monetary values in 2013 is non completed. the market return for fiscal twelvemonth ( FY ) 2012 can non be estimated faithfully. Importantly. averaging rm for 10 old ages from FY 2002 to FY 2011 is important for the intent of finding a more accurate figure. As a consequence. rm = 8. 31 % . Because rm is the amount of the hazard free involvement rate ( releasing factor ) and a premium for hazard ( Brealey. Myers and Allen 2011 ) . the hazard premium. as a portion of CAPM equation. can be calculated through: rm = releasing factor + hazard premium hazard premium = rm – releasing factor Based on the old analysis. rf = 3. 26 % and rm = 8. 31 % . hazard premium = 8. 31 % – 3. 26 % = 5. 09 % . Harmonizing to the study from last twelvemonth. the market hazard premium is estimated to be 6. 0 % in October ( Michael. Blake and Zolotic 2012 ) . the estimated value of 5. 09 % is sensible. Harmonizing to the fiscal information from Reuters ( 2013 ) . Woolworths’ beta ( ? ) = 0. 34. Therefore. by using CAPM: Calculation of Following Dividend PaymentThe following dividend payment should be determined by utilizing: In which. d0 is the current dividend payment. d1 is the dividend for the following fiscal twelvemonth and g is the growing rate. Souce: hypertext transfer protocol: //datanalysis. morningstar. com. gold. ezproxy1. library. usyd. edu. au/af/company/dividendhistory? ASXCode=WOW A ; xtm-licensee=dat The tabular array above shows the dividend history of Woolworths ( Morningstar 2013 ) . Since. the entire dividend payment in 2012 is $ 67+59 = $ 126 cents/ $ 1. 26 per portion. which should be d0. and the growing rate is estimated to be 7. 68 % in the old computations. d1 = 1. 26* ( 1+7. 68 % ) = $ 1. 36. which is the entire dividend payment for 2013. As the interim dividend for 2013 has already paid on 26/04/2013. the concluding dividend for 2013 which is the following dividend payment should be: $ 1. 36–0. 62= $ 0. 74 per portion. Determination of Expected Current Share PriceThe changeless divident growing theoretical account. which is Gordon’s Growth Model. is used for gauging the current portion monetary value: In which. P0 refers to the current portion monetary value. d1 is the divident payment for the following twelvemonth. rhenium is the needed rate of return and g is the growing rate. In order to cipher the current monetary value P0. foremost. d1 demand be calculated which should be the dividend for the following twelvemonth – 2014. Hence. d1 = 1. 36* ( 1+7. 68 % ) = $ 1. 46As required rate of return ( rhenium ) consists of both capital additions and dividend outputs ( Mellare 2013 ) and capital additions is the same as g ( Mathis 2001 ) . rhenium = capital additions ( g ) + dividend outputs. Souce: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. woolworthslimited. com. au/annualreport/2012/pdf/WW_AR12_Full. pdf Harmonizing to the historical information from annural study of Woolworth ( 2012 ) . taking the norm of all of the dividend outputs for the last five old ages – from 2008 to 2012. the dividend output = 3. 8808 % . Therefore. rhenium = 7. 68 % + 3. 88 % = 11. 56 % Last. the expected current portion monetary value in 2013 is:P0 = 1. 46/ ( 11. 56 % -7. 68 % ) = $ 37. 63 Recommodation and DiscussionInvesting determinations are rely on the return and hazard associated with a security. Harmonizing to CAPM. actural returns are measured by beta. which is defined as a security’s sencitivity relation to the alterations in the value of the market portfolio ( Brealey. Myers and Allen 2011 ) . over the long tally. Beta of Woolworths Limited is 0. 34 ( Reuters 2013 ) . which is a good mark as it indicates that the company is insensitive to the market hazard. Comparing it with other companies. Wesfarmers Limited ( WES ) . the Perth-based pudding stone which selling nutrient to clients ( Greenblat 2013 ) . has same state of affairs with Woolworths in footings of turning tendency of dividend payment and sharing market hazard as they operates within the same industry – nutrient industriy. Beta of Wesfarmers is 0. 96 ( Reuters 2013 ) . which means that Wesfarmers is more hazardous than Woolworths as it is every bit hazardous as the market porfolio ( Brealey. Myers and Allen 2011 ) . As good. beta of Goodman Fielder ( GFF ) . another nutrient company. is 0. 98 ( Reuters 2013 ) . which means it portions about the same hazard with the market porfolio ( Mellare 2013 ) – realtively in the same state of affairs with Wesfarmers. Therefore. when refering with the hazards. it is recommended to put in Woolworths. However. under CAPM. high-beta securities will ensue in high return: Rhode Island = releasing factor + ?* ( rm – releasing factor )As all of these three companies are in the same market. they portion the same market hazard but the proportion is different based on their beta. Although. securities of Wesfarmers and Goodman Fielder are more hazardous than Frank winfield woolworths due to higher beta. they provide higher return to investors. Since investing determinations are depend on personal involvements ( Mellare 2013 ) . it can non be denied that there are a few investors prefer higher returns with higher hazards. Furthermore. the higher returns compensate investors for higher hazard. hence. it is improbable to find whether invest in Woolworths is a better option. However. puting in Woolworth is still recommended. Investing in low-risk securities provides changeless and stable returns. Investing in Woolworths is worthwhile non merely because Woolworths provides rather changeless returns. but besides its possible to growing due to its strong profitableness and hard currency flows ( WOW – Woolworths Limited 2012 ) . Overall. it is recommended to put in Woolworths. It is of import to detect that there are a figure of restrictions for this study. First. the method used for ciphering dividend growing is based on the premises – changeless dividend payout and return on equity. but in world. both dividend payout and return on equity are improbable to be changeless. Consequently. the computation of g may non be accurate. As good. since the 10-year authorities bond rate. which is considered as hazard free