The Elements of Style Stylistics in Literature

Stylistics is a branch of applied linguistics concerned with the study of style in texts, especially, but not exclusively, in literary works. Also called  literary linguistics, stylistics focuses on the figures, tropes, and other rhetorical devices used to provide variety and a distinctness to someones writing. It is linguistic analysis plus literary criticism. According to Katie Wales in A Dictionary of Stylistics, the goal of most stylistics is not simply to describe the formal features of texts for their own sake, but in order to show their functional significance for the interpretation of the text; or in order to relate literary effects to linguistic causes where these are felt to be relevant. Studying a text closely helps to unearth layers of meaning that run deeper than just the basic plot, which happens on the surface level. Elements of Style in Literature Elements of style studied in literary works are what is up for discussion in any literature or writing class, such as: Big-Picture Elements Character development: How a character changes throughout the story  Dialogue: Lines spoken or internal thoughtsForeshadowing: Hints dropped about whats going to happen later  Form: Whether something is poetry, prose, drama, a short story, a sonnet, etc.Imagery: Scenes set or items shown with descriptive words  Irony: An occurrence thats the opposite of whats expected  Juxtaposition: Putting two elements together to compare or contrast them  Mood: The atmosphere of a work, the attitude of the narrator  Pacing: How quickly the narration unfolds  Point of view: The narrators perspective; first person (I) or third person (he or she)  Structure: How a story is told (beginning, action, climax, denouement) or how a piece is organized (introduction, main body, conclusion vs. reverse-pyramid journalistic style)  Symbolism: Using an element of the story to represent something else  Theme: A message delivered by or shown in a work; its central topic or big ideaTone: The wri ters attitude toward the subject or manner with choosing vocabulary and presenting information, such as informal or formal Line-by-Line Elements Alliteration: Close repetition of consonants, used for effectAssonance: Close repetition of vowels, used for effectColloquialisms: Informal words, such as slang and regional termsDiction: The correctness of the overall grammar (big picture) or how characters speak, such as with an accent or with poor grammarJargon: Terms specific to a certain fieldMetaphor: A means to compare two elements (Can also be big-picture if an entire story or scene is laid out to show a parallel with something else)  Repetition: Using the same words or phrases in a short amount of time for emphasis  Rhyme: When the same sounds appear in two or more wordsRhythm: having a musicality to the writing such as by using stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry or sentence variety or repetition in a paragraphSentence variety: Variation in the structure and length of consecutive sentences  Syntax: The arrangement of words in a sentence Elements of style are the characteristics of the language used in the written work, and stylistics is their study. How an author uses them is what makes one writers work distinct from another, from Henry James to Mark Twain to Virginia Woolf. An authors way of using the elements creates their distinct writing voice. Why Studying Literature Is Useful Just as a baseball pitcher studies how to properly grip and throw a type of pitch a certain way, to make the ball go in a certain location, and to create a game plan based on a lineup of specific hitters, studying writing and literature helps people to learn how to improve their writing (and thus communication skills) as well as to learn empathy and the human condition. By becoming wrapped up in a characters thoughts and actions in a book, story, or poem, people experience that narrators point of view and can draw on that knowledge and those feelings when interacting with others in real life who might have similar thought processes or actions. Stylisticians In many ways, stylistics is an interdisciplinarity study of textual interpretations, using both language comprehension and an understanding of social dynamics. A stylisticians textual analysis is influenced by rhetoric reasoning and history. Michael Burke describes the field in The Routledge Handbook of Stylistics as an empirical or forensic discourse critique, wherein the stylistician is a person who with his/her detailed knowledge of the workings of morphology,  phonology, lexis, syntax, semantics, and various discourse and pragmatic models, goes in search of language-based evidence in order to support or indeed challenge the subjective interpretations and evaluations of various critics and cultural commentators. Burke paints stylisticians, then, as a kind of Sherlock Holmes character who has expertise in grammar and rhetoric and a love of literature and other creative texts, picking apart the details on how they operate piece by piece—observing style as it informs meaning, as it informs comprehension. There are various overlapping subdisciplines of stylistics,  and a person who studies any of these is known as a  stylistician: Literary stylistics: Studying forms, such as poetry, drama, and proseInterpretive stylistics: How the linguistic elements work to create meaningful artEvaluative stylistics: How an authors style works—or doesnt—in the workCorpus stylistics: Studying the frequency of various elements in a text, such as to determine the authenticity of a manuscriptDiscourse stylistics: How language in use creates meaning, such as studying parallelism, assonance, alliteration, and rhymeFeminist stylistics: Commonalities among womens writing, how writing is engendered, and how womens writing is read differently than mensComputational stylistics: Using computers to analyze a text and determine a writers styleCognitive stylistics: The study of what happens in the mind when it encounters language Modern Understanding of Rhetoric As far back as ancient Greece and philosophers like Aristotle, the study of rhetoric has been an important part of human communication and evolution as a result. Its no wonder, then, that author Peter Barry uses rhetoric to define stylistics as the modern version of the ancient discipline known as rhetoric, in his book Beginning Theory. Barry goes on to say that rhetoric teaches its students how to structure an argument, how to make effective use of figures of speech, and generally how to pattern and vary a speech or a piece of writing so as to produce maximum impact. He says that stylistics analysis of these similar qualities—or rather how they are utilized—would, therefore, entail that stylistics is a modern interpretation of the ancient study. However, he also notes that stylistics differs from simple close reading in the following ways: 1. Close reading emphasizes differences between literary language and that of the general speech community. ...Stylistics, by contrast, emphasizes connections between literary language and everyday language. 2. Stylistics uses specialized technical terms and concepts which derive from the science of linguistics, terms like transitivity, under-lexicalisation, collocation, and cohesion. 3. Stylistics makes greater claims to scientific objectivity than does close reading, stressing that its methods and procedures can be learned and applied by all. Hence, its aim is partly the demystification of both literature and criticism. Stylistics is arguing for the universality of language usage while close reading hinges upon an observation of how this particular style and usage may vary from and thereby make an  error relating to the norm. Stylistics, then, is the pursuit of understanding key elements of style that affect a given audiences interpretation of a text. Sources Wales, Katie. A Dictionary of Stylistics. Routledge,1990, New York.Burke, Michael, editor. The Routledge Handbook of Stylistics. Routledge, 2014, New York.Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester University Press, Manchester, New York, 1995.

Summary Of There Is Always A Rainbow After Every Rain...

â€Å"There is always a rainbow after every rain storm†, was a quote that was preached to me many times throughout my childhood. I never truly believed it since I had a harsh childhood; but it wasn’t until I was about thirteen years old, a freshman in high school, that I started to see the beginning of the rainbow. My father was in a rough place in his life and had bumped into one of our family friends, Josue Tapia, whom we haven’t seen in months. Josue, or as we like to call him Don Hector, has been in an unstable position just like my dad. After a few minutes of talking Josue said that he knew how to turn my dad’s life around for the better. He was very interested in this conversation, and was willing to take the opportunity. Sitting down in the living room watching television with my sister and mother, when suddenly my dad walked in saying, â€Å"So guess who I saw today?† My mother faced him and said, â€Å"Who?† â€Å"Don Hector, and he invited us to church and I think we should go.† â€Å"Wow. This is new. Why do you want to go? â€Å" â€Å"I just think it will be a great opportunity for me to change and be a better person not only for me but for us as a family.† â€Å"Okay yes! If that will make you happy, we can go,† she said with a smile on her face. It was Sunday morning, I woke up to loud music playing outside my front lawn. I walked outside my front door and saw my dad singing along with a huge smile on his face. I walked back inside my house with a smirk on my face because I enjoyed seeing himShow MoreRelatedInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language14362 Words   |  58 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 4.4 Dutch Influence on American English †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4.5 German Influence on American English †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4.6 African Influence on American English †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 4.7 Influence of Later Immigrants †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Sources †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. INTRODUCTION The United States is a society of immigrants. Ever since its formation in 1776, and even before that, the UnitedRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 PagesDictionary. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1. Includes an English-Igbo finderlist 2. Aims to be comprehensive (the Igbo-English section is pages 3-175) and does not identify with a specific dialect although locations are occasionally marked after particular lexical entries. 3. Marks the subdotted vowels with a diaeresis, thus á » ¥ appears as à ¼. 4. Marks tone with bracketed symbols following the word, thus (HL). Downstep, rising and falling tones are not marked. 5. Is virtually without scientificRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWhat Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and Management 16 Contents of the Book 18 Organization of the Book 19 Practice and Application 21 Diversity and Individual Differ ences 21 Summary 23 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal Assessment of Management Skills (PAMS) 24 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 28 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 30 SCORING KEY AND COMPARISON DATA 42 Personal AssessmentRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesOutcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergence of Rastafarianism and the history of resistance and black consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience for years. The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that have oppressed a society. But prior to the advent of popular culture and especially the music recording business in theRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagessurrounding these cases and situations are the same today as they were twenty years ago. Unfortunately we seem to be repeating several of the mistakes made previously. Recommendations for enhancements and changes to future editions of the text are always appreciated. The author can be contacted at Phone: 216-765-8090 e-mail: hkerzner@bw.edu Harold Kerzner Baldwin-Wallace College Part 1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES As companies approach some degree of maturity in project management, it

Emergencies Inflammation or Infection

Question: Discuss about the Emergencies for Inflammation or Infection. Answer: Introduction: Hot inflamed toe may occur due to different reasons. Most of the time sudden redness, swelling and pain in big toe are the results of gout- a condition in arthritis where uric acid crystals build up in a joint. Besides, rheumatic diseases, tendinitis, retrocalcaneal bursitis and minor fungal or viral infections may cause toe to be inflamed (WebMD, 2015). Generally speaking, hot inflamed toe is the result of uric acid rise in the blood. When the levels of uric acid get too high, it simply results in toe inflammation. In human beings liver is the main organ involved in the metabolism of uric acid whereas kidney is involved in urine excretion. However, sometimes it occurs that uric acid amount that is being formed in the body becomes too high as compared to the amount that is being excreted in the form of urine. As a result, inflammatory mediators and chemicals start releasing from tissues that are damaged. This gives rise to hot inflamed toe. Rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swell ing), dolor (pain) and functional disabilities are some clinical symptoms of toe inflammation (Dobson, 1999). On the whole, inflammation encourages later healing process by removing harmful agents. Inflammation involves collective events like accumulation of fluid in the tissues, blood flow increase, leucocytes migration, pain, pus formation and increased body temperature. In the process of inflammation, circulatory system plays a significant part. It is obvious that there is heat and redness on the particular area wherever a wound or an injury happens just due to the accumulation of blood in the wounded area. Basically, at time of any injury, the circulatory system allows more flow of blood towards injured area till the time that healing starts. Increased flow of blood offers more oxygen to cells that gives rise to cellular activity to accompany inflammation process by reddening or swelling the inflamed area or sometime gives rise to a condition known as oedema that is also associated with inflammation. In case of toe inflammation, the process begins with redness and swelling of the toe. Ho t toe also expands as a result of inflammation because the process turns the circulatory system active and the blood starts flowing around the irritated or injured area. This gives rise to reactions on the injured area produced by the activity of circulatory system like pain, swelling, heat and redness. The system gives response in a way that the toe seems hot and inflamed. Aching as well as burning in the toes also occurs due to the same responses of the circulatory system towards inflammation and healing process. The patient may also suffer from severe pains that are caused due to the pressures on the nerves or sometimes due to the effects of inflammatory mediators (Dobson, 1999). In a nutshell, it is evident from above mentioned discussion that circulatory system plays its part towards hot inflamed toe through increased blood flow towards the affected and injured area or through the buildup of tissue fluid until healing process begins. References: Dobson, R. (1999) Health: The Agony of Good Living, [Online], Available: https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/health-the-agony-of-good-living-1074887.html [12 Jan 2017]. Immune System- Revision Notes, [Online], Available: https://essentiallyeducation.co.uk/learning-resources/degree-level/immune-system-revision-notes.pdf [12 Jan 2017]. Inflammation, [Online], Available: https://www.mccc.edu/~behrensb/documents/documents/2011Inflammation.pdf [12 Jan 2017]. WebMD. (2015) First Aid Emergencies: Inflammation or Infection of a Toe, Foot or Ankle, [Online], Available: https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/inflammation-or-infection-of-a-toe-foot-or-ankle [12 Jan 2017].

The Art of Consumer

Introduction Are consumer insights so elusive? This is a question that requires a broad answer. Consumer insights became a trend in 1992 when Lisa Fortini-Campbell introduced the term in her book Hitting the Sweet Spot.1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Art of Consumer-Insights Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More And now with computers and the Internet, Information Technology and globalisation, consumer insights may be a thing to reckon with. It has become complicated however and needs to be refocused to meet the needs and wants of consumers. In this essay, we will distinguish what consumer insight means, both in singular and plural forms. There are variations to their meanings and usage. In simple terms consumer insight refers to consumer focus, consumer needs and wants and satisfaction, all molded into one. The underlying topics of market research are redirected to this point. Today’s marketers have the world as their marketplace. It is a bigger place to introduce and sell products but also a wider place to analyze and deal with. Before, marketers could only focus with consumer insights of a particular place and community, now they have the ‘global village’ to deal with. It was in 1992 when marketing could be done through one-to-one approach. But now with the popularity of the Internet and the information revolution, â€Å"mass customization† is becoming a trend. A question that always seems to linger in the marketer’s mind is: What do consumers think and want? This question cannot be addressed to one group of consumers but to the world, the global village. Global organisations, or businesses, think of more appropriate terms and strategies in this new, exciting (?) or challenging marketplace. There is more than one way to kill a cat, and marketers have to be flexible and creative in communicating to the outside world. This is the â€Å"exciting † world of business in the twenty-first century.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Insights and Theories Insight can be just another term for market research. But it can also mean many things because of the vast information and knowledge available for organizations and businesses today. Today’s marketers have to refocus and find new ways of collecting and analyzing marketing intelligence because of the new forces and trends in globalization. Information is the key; there are vast amounts of information about consumers out there that have to be collected and analyzed. This new wave of information needs broader and creative ‘geniuses’ to arrive at fresh insights for the consumers’ needs and wants to be met. Moreover, a genius is not necessary. What is needed is â€Å"insight† and a careful study of the vast information acquired from the li terature and from the field collected by sales people. Globalization has revolutionized many aspects of marketing. Organizations have to adopt and introduce measures and changes in marketing strategies. This includes product orientation, employee management, and other organizational strategies.2 Organizations have to refocus and acquire more knowledge since knowledge is a very ‘important asset’3. Knowledge is very important in consumer insight. Organizations share knowledge with each other, but there are barriers in this activity. One example is the so-called internal stickiness. Barriers impede the transfer of knowledge from people to people or department to department within organizations. Experience of organizations proved that it is not easy to transfer knowledge or best practice. This is termed internal stickiness.4 Cultural diversity has also become a trend. Adaptation and standardization are also added to product diversification. There is a demand for local produ cts but customers also want global ones, or imported products. Marketers adapt local products to adjust to cultural differences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Art of Consumer-Insights Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Meeting the customer’s needs and wants is a business trend in the age of intense globalization. Marketers aim for customer focus and loyalty. Organizations aim for customer loyalty while keeping cost of production low. This is multi-purpose but difficult to achieve; difficult because meeting the customer’s needs and wants at the same time minimizing cost of production do not ensure quality product or service. Customer satisfaction is an important strategic part of marketing. Products and services are geared towards customer focus, and customer satisfaction is a goal in a value added supply chain. In order to address the problem of customer loyalty, firms apply product a nd service innovations. This is also the main objective of market orientation – customer satisfaction through superior performance of products and services. Customer relationship marketing (CRM) creates value for the customer5. Kotler et al. includes the idea of value in the definition of marketing, which is â€Å"the relationship between what is paid and what is received, and can be increased or reduced by marketing activities.†6 Marketing involves a lot of issues, including a database of information, data and knowledge. There is the question of the marketing mix that also requires more information about consumers. The marketing concept looks at the depth of selling which is searching for ways to satisfy the needs and wants of the customer. Organizations have to find out what will satisfy customers, then, create satisfying products. The marketer must continue to apply innovations. This is what they call continual improvement in the company’s product.7 There is another trend in marketing and that is, ensuring that the customer longs and wants for a ‘remake’ of the product; in other words, the strategy is to aim for the customer’s coming back to want for more. But customer satisfaction does not necessarily mean loyalty on the part of the customer. Many authors suggest that having continuous communication with the customer is one step to loyalty.8Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Customers have to be asked to rate the importance of particular attributes and performance levels of the product/s. They have to be asked about their willingness to repurchase and to recommend the products that they had bought. These steps can lead us to the concept of customer loyalty. Consumer Experience Marketing research on experience focuses on what the customer wants. Benefits are in the form of satisfaction and customer experience of the product. Consumer behavior for example has three aspects which are: creation of information, behavioral concept theory, and consumer attitude theory. These concepts provide consumer insight on consumer experience.9 In response to the complexities of the time, i.e., the existing pressure of globalization, marketers have reformatted the way they collect and utilize market intelligence. Marketers need more information and are redefining goals to suit to the present trend of intense globalization. In a study by Morash and Lynch, they found that c ustomer closeness is one of the requirements for customer focus and loyalty. It is important in demand-oriented capabilities and performance. Customer closeness is associated with responsiveness to customers and customization. Supply chains can also be aimed at customization. It is a strategy that combines operational excellence with customer closeness.10 Flexibility is another important factor in having customer closeness. Flexibility refers to being able to change and react to customer demands, or requests. A flexible organization reacts to quick changes in the product mix. Flexibility has other ‘flexible’ connotations, such as financial performance. There are many questions that managers and marketers ought to answer about the customer when looking for customer focus and loyalty. A study should be made on how customers behave, how they react to the product, and how they experience the product. Some questions that need to be answered by the marketer are: Why do custo mers want and like this product? What attracts customers to my product? How do customers receive the information advertising and commercials? When is the appropriate time to convince them to buy the products? An important strategy being applied by global firms in meeting the needs and wants of customers is introducing an approach to supply chain that focuses on the customer. Knowing the customers’ needs have become a foundation for which a company is founded. A company has to be marketing orientated, and for this, a number of changes have to take place in the organization, for example practices and attitudes. The marketing concept has evolved over the years of business and globalization. In the study of consumer insights, we refer to behavioral sciences that tell us more about buyer behavior. But it is more than that. Knowledge, information, technology, these are some of the vast amount of resources needed to know consumer insights and consumer behavior. A customer can be de fined in different ways. An airline company can look at it in a different angle. But for a pharmaceutical company, a customer can be a physician or the patients in the hospital. Organizations, with their marketers and sales people, have to manage and integrate their actions to different kinds of customers. Gathering all those information can be laborious and requires a lot of time and resources. But innovations and programs of activities have to be focused along this line of activities. Organizations can shift focus to analyzing the various information and data, turning it into knowledge and expertise. The company can conduct its own survey, using its own people and resources, in order to know whether customers still want the company’s products, or if they are shifting to the competitors. The information on the customer satisfaction is vital in the improvement of the product or service.11 On the other hand, customer focus and loyalty is important to supply chain. The marketer should understand customer experience of the product, and the customer should be able to interpret the customer experience by answering what still needs to be done. The Meaning of Insight There is no puzzle about what is insight. We all have this, but consumer insight is unique because only marketers have expert knowledge of it. Consumer insight is referred to as â€Å"voice of the consumer†; it can influence or become a basis for better decision making of a company or organization. Product planning and development, customer relations, department communications and management are more made effective when there is fundamental understanding of the consumer.12 Historically, there were some organizations that recognized the need for a separate department to handle the vast information for consumer insights and so concerned CEOs formed the account planning unit. Other organizations established their own directorships – Director of Consumer Knowledge Development, Manager of Consumer and Market Knowledge, etc. Managers were in charge of interpreting and applying information to the different departments in an organization.13 The term insight has two meanings: one is plural and the other singular. The plural form, â€Å"insights†, refers to ideas or discoveries that can provide opportunities. The marketer can be aided with tools like customer databases and market research. The singular form, on the other hand, â€Å"insight†, refers to one’s talent or capability to think clearly and deeply. It refers to a marketer’s deep knowledge of the consumers, which can help in decision making.14 This type of insight is very important; it is a deciding factor in customer loyalty. Every marketer ought to have it. This is not about knowing some pieces of a puzzle but having all the necessary ingredients to produce a complete picture. Everyone involved in marketing, particularly those who personally deal with consumers, should know and see t he picture. Consumer insight cannot be attained from simple research but from combined sources, such as databases, planning data, reports, market intelligence, feedback from people in the field, even consumer complaints, and everything about consumers. The importance of consumer insight to marketers has been established. The implications for business and organizational growth with a well-defined and well-research customer insight are significant. But consumer insight will continually change over time because of the demographic changes and the changes in the market forces. Marketers will have to adjust, introduce new innovations, and continue to need customer insight because of the following factors: Customers will not make themselves available to traditional marketing. Brands will be very important as customers will prefer a select few. That is why, it is important that organizations have a database of consumer insights.15 Customer interaction in websites can help in having more in formation about customers and their preferences. Marketing peers, such as those from the media, will be less cooperative and so there will be resent among the various groups in the media. Brands will not be easy to build. Consumers will be more bright and wise and so traditional brand builders will find it difficult to succeed. A new demographic of employees will emerge as most of those over fifty years old will remain employed. Another thing is the employee backlash as everyone becomes a customer, and an alienated customer at that. An example is your wife or employee who complains about your product.16 Database Marketing and Consumer Insight Database marketing refers to the relationship of consumer and organization when both are in the process of communicating, exchanging all possible information for a particular and actual purchase of a product or about certain service issues that a consumer wants clarified. While the traditional characteristics of the marketing mix focus on cons umer and relationship with supplier and product, database marketing is narrower. This is focusing on the organization’s desire to sell more.17 Database marketing has a lot of good and positive results for an organisation. Its benefits are what businesses expect of market research. Database marketing turns interest into profits. It does clear action, also referred as brand advertising. We know how important a brand or name of a product. Database marketing upholds brands. Brands are like names of countries; they represent a people, they carry a reputation. Remarkable names or brands are those whose reputations cannot be questioned. Database marketing also delivers what is expected. Consumers to good advertising. It fosters customer interaction. This kind of communication can be done through the Internet. A company’s website should have customer interaction feature wherein customers can ask question and lodge complaints.18 Another focus on this particular strategy of ma rketing is customer care.19 Customer care is simply taking care of the customer. This includes everything, or every activity and product that satisfies the customer. Examples are: a well-polished and beautiful store where storeowner and employees wait and expect the customer’s â€Å"orders†, a state-of-the-art website where organization and customer interaction is one of the awaited features and readily available with an administrator providing 24-hour service to customers’ questions and complaints, and everything about good service. Supplier staff and employees treat well the customers. These are some of the features of customer care. Database marketing is more focused on the individual consumer but customer care recognizes the role played by people like relatives, friends and neighbours of the customer. In this instance, there is the role of the influencer or the person who influences the customer to buy the product. Another one is the decision maker who has t he budget to buy the product.20 Database marketing can become a science by itself, as what managers and marketers hope it to be. This is because in this kind of activity, a marketer or a salesman, or anyone who is charged to have direct contact with customers, can conduct experiments and tests and be able to control the results. Case Study: Getting into Customers’ Insights Understanding consumers and offering them products they want are one of the most difficult jobs in marketing. But this is the job of marketing research firm AC Nielsen – to understand the behavior of customers who purchase consumer goods in their everyday lives. AC Nielsen aims to provide clients with knowledge and information on how to meet consumers’ expectations. Nielsen’s clients are big names in consumer retail, such as Wal-Mart, Kraft Foods, Tesco, and more.21 These companies are the global ones that invest much on capital and people. Millions of dollars are at stake and they have to target the right customers, the right approach with appropriate insights needed to win their trust and loyalty. AC Nielsen Homescan Spectra, a global branch of AC Nielsen, makes use of the latest technology in doing research, such as a software that allows the company to communicate with clients and groups that conduct software development, database management, in order to provide client-centered services.22 When a client approaches AC Nielsen, asking for consumer insights and how to increase sales on a particular segment, AC Nielsen studies the target consumers. They know, through previous researches, consumers who buy products in different stores, and they can also forecast consumer attributes through market intelligence and other studies in the market. It is important that they know the client needs.23 Their strategy is to work with research staff that compare sales rates to the shoppers in the stores. Through calculations, they could tell which stores were selling more prod ucts be determining the kinds of customers the stores served.24 The importance of consumer insights is stressed in this case study. A lot of information about customers, the products they want, how and when they want those products were important inputs in knowing how to increase sales of which stores. Selected Examples When Zara, an international apparel and fashion firm with a chain of approximately 2000 stores worldwide opened a Melbourne branch, it needed a research company to research on consumer insight in new its new market. The research team should answer questions like: How would the new market increase sales? How and when is the time the industry peak its sales? How should customer focus be dealt with? The company had to refocus and acquire more knowledge about the new segment and demographic. Knowledge is an important asset to the company. The results of the survey-research helped Zara cope with the new market. Another example is that of a chain of restaurants known as Da rden Restaurants. This company owns hundreds of restaurant brands known as Red Lobster and Olive Garden which specialize in seafood menus. Before opening a new branch anywhere in the world, the company would hire a consulting firm to conduct research-survey on external analysis. The company is aware that restaurant business is complicated business. Industry competitors use all sorts of strategy in the marketing mix – advertising, promotion, product, prices, and places. The industry is also management- and capital intensive and brings along with it high capital requirements. Because of this strategy, Darden Restaurants has become successful in every country it wants to penetrate.25 Conclusion The subject in this essay can be summarized in two terms – customer insight. This is a simple subject that can lead us to many underlying topics of interest for marketers and consumers (although consumers wouldn’t really care). It is the marketer and the organization where h e/she belongs who should look at things in many perspectives. Acquiring more profits is not anymore the main objective. By making it a secondary one and by understanding customers, a business firm can progress. It is also a difficult job to achieve. With globalization, products are multiplied every minute, every second of the day. There are more products in the global village while customers are becoming fewer, many are hiding in their ‘global village’ homes. The industrial revolution, the consumerism in America, standardization and adaptation, they have all made products cheaper and consumers never wanting for more. Customer insight is linked to customer satisfaction and loyalty and focus. Global organizations compete to gain more customers. They try to understand customers, interpret consumer experience, and put this in their program of activities in order to maintain customer loyalty. It is not enough that customers buy the products; it is important that they pass th e word, and subsequently come back. A partnership between the business firm and the customer can make the company happy. This is about the new strategy in the new world – understanding consumers through consumer insights. Bibliography ACNielsen. Consumer-Centric Category Management: How to Increase Profits by Managing Categories Based on Consumer Needs. New Jersey and Canada: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2006. Blythe, Jim. Principles Practice of Marketing. London: Thomson Learning, 2006. Boone, Louise and David Kurtz. Contemporary Marketing. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2009. Callingham, Martin. Market Intelligence: How and Why Organizations Use Market Research. United Kingdom; USA: Market Research in Practice, 2004. Chan, John. Toward a Unified View of Customer Relationship Management. The Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, Staffordshire University Library, 2005. Darden. Company History. 2011. Web. Gamble, Paul, Alan Tapp, Anthony Marsella and Merlin Stone. Mark eting Revolution: The Radical New Approach to Transforming the Business, the Brand the Bottom Line. Great Britain and the United States: Kogan Page Limited, 2007. Jobber, David and George Lancaster. Selling and Sales Management, Sixth Edition. England: Pearson Education Limited, 2003. Schmitt, Bernd. Experience Marketing: Concepts, Frameworks and Consumer Insights. Foundations and Trends ® in Marketing, vol 5, no 2, pp 55-112, 2010. Stone, Merlin, Alison Bond and Bryan Foss. â€Å"How Customer Care and Database Marketing Use Customer Insight.† In Consumer Insight: How to Use Data and Market Research to Get closer to Your Customer, edited by Merlin Stone, Alison Bond and Bryan Foss, 59-68. United Kingdom and USA: Market Research in Practice, 2004. Stone, Merlin, Alison Bond, Clive Nancarrow and Sharon Rees. â€Å"Consumer Insight and Market Research.† In Consumer Insight: How to Use Data and Market Research to Get Closer to Your Customer, edited by Merlin Stone, Alis on Bond and Bryan Foss, 111-112. United Kingdom and USA: Market Research in Practice, 2004. Stone, Merlin, Bryan Foss, Alison Bond, Martin Hickley and Nick Orsman. â€Å"Privacy, Risk, and Good and Bad Consumers. In Consumer Insight: How to Use Data and Market Research to Get Closer to Your Customer, edited by Merlin Stone, Alison Bond and Bryan Foss, 209-211. United Kingdom and USA: Market Research in Practice, 2004. Stone, Merlin, Bryan Foss, Alison Bond and Steve Wills. Introduction to Consumer Insight: How to use Data and Market Research to Get Closer to Your Customer. Edited by Merlin Stone, Alison Bond Bryan Foss, 1-3. United Kingdom and United States: Kogan Page Limited, 2005. Stone, Merlin, Clive Nancarrow, Bryan Foss, Alison Bond and Nick Orsman. â€Å"Using Consumer Insight in Developing and Retaining Consumers.† In Consumer Insight: How to Use Data and Market Research to Get Closer to Your Customer. Edited by Merlin Stone, Alison Bond and Bryan Foss, 160-161. Uni ted Kingdom and USA: Market Research in Practice, 2004. Stone, Merlin, Julie Abbott, Bryan Foss, Paul McDaid and Doug Morrison. â€Å"Consumer Insights Systems.† In Consumer Insight: How to Use Data and Market Research to Get Closer to Your Customer, edited by Merlin Stone, Alison Bond and Bryan Foss, 228-230. United Kingdom and USA: Market Research in Practice, 2004. Szulanski, George. Exploring Internal Stickiness: Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practice Within the Firm. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17 (Winter Special Issue), 27-43, 1996. Venkatraman, N and John C. Henderson. â€Å"Four Vectors of Business Model Innovation: Value Capture in a Network Era.† In From Strategy to Execution: Turning Accelerated Global Change into Opportunity, edited by Daniel Pantaleo and Nirmal Pal, 259. Heidelberg: Springer, 2008. Vitale, Dona. How Smart Companies Apply Customer Knowledge to the Bottom Line. New York: Paramount Market Publishing, Inc., 2006. Footnotes 1 Dona Vitale, How Smart Companies apply Customer Knowledge to the Bottom Line (New York: Paramount Market Publishing, Inc., 2006), 2. 2 Vitale, 2. 3 Martin Callingham, Market Intelligence: How and Why Organizations Use Market Research (United Kingdom; USA: Market Research in Practice, 2004), 23. 4 George Szulanski, Exploring Internal Stickiness: Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practice Within the Firm, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17 (Winter Special Issue), 27-43, 1996. 5 John Chan, Toward a Unified View of Customer Relationship Management, The Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge [e-journal], Staffordshire University Library, 2005. 6 Jim Blythe, Principles Practice of Marketing (London: Thomson Learning, 2006), 5. 7 David Jobber and George Lancaster, Selling and Sales Management, Sixth Edition (England: Pearson Education Limited, 2003), 15. 8 Merlin Stone, Julie Abbott, Bryan Foss, Paul McDaid and Doug Morrison, â€Å"Consumer Insights Systems,† in Consume r Insight: How to Use Data and Market Research to Get Closer to Your Customer, eds, Merlin Stone, Alison Bond and Bryan Foss (United Kingdom and USA: Market Research in Practice, 2004), 228. 9 Bernd Schmitt, Experience Marketing: Concepts, Frameworks and Consumer Insights (Foundations and Trends ® in Marketing, vol 5, no 2, pp 55-112, 2010. 10 Jobber and Lancaster, 15. 11 Merlin Stone, Clive Nancarrow, Bryan Foss, Alison Bond and Nick Orsman, â€Å"Using Consumer Insight in Developing and Retaining Consumers,† in Consumer Insight: How to Use Data and Market Research to Get Closer to Your Customer, eds, Merlin Stone, Alison Bond and Bryan Foss (United Kingdom and USA: Market Research in Practice, 2004), 160. 12 Vitale, p. 9. 13 Vitale, 9. 14 Merlin Stone, Bryan Foss, Alison Bond and Steve Wills, Introduction to Consumer Insight: How to use Data and Market Research to get Closer to Your Customer, eds. Merlin Stone, Alison Bond Bryan Foss (United Kingdom and United States of America: Kogan Page Limited, 2005), 1. 15 Paul Gamble, Alan Tapp, Anthony Marsella and Merlin Stone, Marketing Revolution: The Radical New Approach to Transforming the Business, the Brand the Bottom Line (Great Britain and the United States: Kogan Page Limited, 2007), 70. 16 Gamble, Tapp, Marsella and Stone, 70. 17 Merlin Stone, Alison Bond and Bryan Foss, â€Å"How Customer Care and Database Marketing Use Customer Insight,† in Consumer Insight: How to Use Data and Market Research to Get closer to your Customer, eds. Merlin Stone, Alison Bond and Bryan Foss (United Kingdom and USA: Market Research in Practice, 2004), 59. 18 Merlin Stone, Alison Bond, Clive Nancarrow and Sharon Rees, â€Å"Consumer Insight and Market Research,† in Consumer Insight: How to Use Data and Market Research to Get Closer to Your Customer, eds, Merlin Stone, Alison Bond and Bryan Foss (United Kingdom and USA: Market Research in Practice, 2004), 111. 19 Stone et al., 111. 20 Stone et al., 62. 2 1 Louise Boone and David Kurtz, Contemporary Marketing (Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2009), 338. 22 ACNielsen, Consumer-Centric Category Management: How to Increase Profits by Managing Categories Based on Consumer Needs (New Jersey and Canada: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2006), 275. 23 Merlin Stone, Bryan Foss, Alison Bond, Martin Hickley and Nick Orsman, â€Å"Privacy, Risk, and Good and Bad Consumers, in Consumer Insight: How to Use Data and Market Research to Get Closer to Your Customer, eds, Merlin Stone, Alison Bond and Bryan Foss (United Kingdom and USA: Market Research in Practice, 2004), 209. 24 Stone, Foss, Bond, Hickley and Orsman, 209.. 25 Darden, Company History, 2011. This essay on The Art of Consumer-Insights Marketing was written and submitted by user Abbey Ramsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

avalanches essays

avalanches essays Avalanches are massive downward and outward movements of snow and ice as well as soil and rocks. Three main factors that determine whether avalanches are likely to occur are the weather, the snowpack, and the terrain. The weather is the most important factor in determining if an avalanche will occur, but the other two factors need to be taken into consideration as well. Since ninety percent of all avalanches involve human subjects that trigger them, they are a major threat to life (McCafferty 38). Avalanches can leave death and destruction in their path and pose a great threat to the skiing industry. Most ski resorts in the western part of the United States try to prevent avalanches. They acquire specially trained personnel to toss grenade like explosives or shoot a bazooka like shell into the slope. The gun they use to shoot these projectiles is a 105-millimeter recoilless rifle (Cone 148). The explosives trigger the avalanche. They fire them into the mountain early in the morning so that the risk of having an avalanche during ski hours is lowered but even though they do this, it is not a definite that an avalanche could not happen. By studying the mountain the avalanche patrol learns where avalanches normally occur. These are called sweet spots. Avalanches often follow the same tracks year after year because they get funneled into the same valleys. In these areas, trees do not grow because they keep being removed by the avalanches. The shooting of these explosives is very successful and fortunately no one has ever been injured or killed (Goodwin 42). Avalanche experts offer these recommendations for skiers to follow so they can avoid or deal with avalanches. Their first rule is to know your terrain. Most avalanches occur on mountainsides where the slope is thirty degrees or greater. Secondly, do not ski alone. Only a few avalanche victims survive without help from others. Another recommendation is to know wha...

Andrew Cunningham - Admiral Andrew Cunningham - World War II - Royal Navy

Andrew Cunningham - Admiral Andrew Cunningham - World War II - Royal Navy Andrew Cunningham - Early Life Career: Andrew Browne Cunningham was born January 7, 1883, outside Dublin, Ireland. The son of anatomy professor Daniel Cunningham and his wife Elizabeth, the Cunninghams family was of Scottish extraction. Largely raised by his mother, he began schooling in Ireland before being sent to Scotland to attend the Edinburgh Academy. At the age of ten, he accepted his fathers offer of pursuing a naval career and left Edinburgh to enter the Naval Preparatory School at Stubbington House. In 1897, Cunningham was accepted as a cadet in the Royal Navy and assigned to the training school aboard HMS Britannia at Dartmouth. Highly interested in seamanship, he proved a strong student and graduated 10th in a class of 68 the following April. Ordered to HMS Doris as a midshipman, Cunningham traveled to the Cape of Good Hope. While there, the Second Boer War began ashore. Believing there to be opportunity for advancement on land, he transferred to the Naval Brigade and saw action in Pretoria and Diamond Hill. Returning to sea, Cunningham moved through several ships before commencing sub-lieutenants courses at Portsmouth and Greenwich. Passing, he was promoted and assigned to HMS Implacable. Andrew Cunningham - World War I: Promoted to lieutenant in 1904, Cunningham passed through several peacetime postings before receiving his first command, HM Torpedo Boat #14 four years later. In 1911, Cunningham was placed in command of the destroyer HMS Scorpion. Aboard at the outbreak of World War I, he took part in the failed pursuit of the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and cruiser SMS Breslau. Remaining in the Mediterranean, Scorpion participated in the early 1915 attack on the Dardanelles at the beginning of the Gallipoli Campaign. For his performance, Cunningham was promoted to commander and received the Distinguished Service Order. Over the next two years, Cunningham took part in routine patrol and convoy duty in the Mediterranean. Seeking action, he requested a transfer and returned to Britain in January 1918. Given command of HMS Termagent in Vice Admiral Roger Keyes Dover Patrol, he performed well and earned a bar for his DSO. With the end of the war, Cunningham moved to HMS Seafire and in 1919 received orders to sail for the Baltic. Serving under Rear Admiral Walter Cowan, he worked to keep the sea lanes open to newly independent Estonia and Latvia. For this service he was awarded a second bar for his DSO. Andrew Cunningham - Interwar Years: Promoted to captain in 1920, Cunningham moved through a number of senior destroyer commands and later served as Fleet Captain and Chief of Staff to Cowan in the North America and West Indies Squadron. He also attended the Army Senior Officers School and the Imperial Defense College. Upon completing the latter, he received his first major command, the battleship HMS Rodney. In September 1932, Cunningham was elevated to rear admiral and made Aide-de-Camp to King George V. Returning to the Mediterranean Fleet the following year, he oversaw its destroyers which relentlessly trained in ship handling. Raised to vice admiral in 1936, he was made second in command of the Mediterranean Fleet and placed in charge of its battlecruisers. Highly regarded by the Admiralty, Cunningham received orders to return to Britain in 1938 to assume the post of Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. Taking this position in December, he was knighted the following month. Performing well in London, Cunningham received his dream posting on June 6, 1939, when he was made commander of the Mediterranean Fleet. Hoisting his flag aboard HMS Warspite, he began planning for operations against the Italian Navy in case of war. Andrew Cunningham - World War II: With the beginning of World War II in September 1939, Cunninghams primary focus became protecting the convoys that supplied British forces in Malta and Egypt. With the defeat of France in June 1940, Cunningham was forced to enter into tense negotiations with Admiral Rene-Emile Godfroy regarding the status of the French squadron at Alexandria. These talks were complicated when the French admiral learned of the British attack on Mers-el-Kebir. Through skillful diplomacy, Cunningham succeeded in convincing the French to allow their ships to be interned and their men repatriated. Though his fleet had won several engagements against the Italians, Cunningham sought to dramatically alter the strategic situation and reduce the threat to Allied convoys. Working with the Admiralty, a daring plan was conceived which called for a nighttime air strike against the Italian fleets anchorage at Taranto. Moving forward on November 11-12, 1940, Cunninghams fleet approached the Italian base and launched torpedo planes from HMS Illustrious. A success, the Taranto Raid sank one battleship and badly damaged two more. The raid was extensively studied by the Japanese when planning their attack on Pearl Harbor. In late March 1941, under heavy pressure from Germany to halt the Allied convoys, the Italian fleet sortied under the command of Admiral Angelo Iachino. Informed of enemy movements by Ultra radio intercepts, Cunningham met the Italians and won a decisive victory at the Battle of Cape Matapan on March 27-29. In the battle, three Italian heavy cruisers were sunk and a battleship damaged in exchange for three British killed. That May, following the Allied defeat on Crete, Cunningham successfully rescued over 16,000 men from the island despite taking heavy losses from Axis aircraft. Andrew Cunningham - Later War: In April 1942, with the United States now in the war, Cunningham was appointed to the naval staff mission to Washington, DC and built a strong relationship with the Commander-in-Chief of the US Fleet, Admiral Ernest King. As a result of these meetings, he was given command of the Allied Expeditionary Force, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower, for the Operation Torch landings in North Africa late that fall. Promoted to admiral of the fleet, he returned to the Mediterranean Fleet in February 1943, and worked tirelessly to ensure that no Axis forces would escape from North Africa. With the conclusion of the campaign, he again served under Eisenhower in commanding the naval elements of the invasion of Sicily in July 1943 and the landings in Italy that September. With the collapse of Italy, he was present at Malta on September 10 to witness the formal surrender of the Italian fleet. Following the death of the First Sea Lord, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound, Cunningham was appointed to the post on October 21. Returning to London, he served as a member of the Chiefs of Staff committee and provided overall strategic direction for the Royal Navy. In this role, Cunningham attended the major conferences at Cairo, Tehran, Quebec, Yalta and Potsdam during which plans for the invasion of Normandy and defeat of Japan were formulated. Cunningham remained First Sea Lord through the end of the war until his retirement in May 1946. Andrew Cunningham - Later Life: For his wartime service, Cunningham was created Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope. Retiring to Bishops Waltham in Hampshire, he lived in a house that he and his wife, Nona Byatt (m. 1929), had purchased before the war. During his retirement, he held several ceremonial titles including Lord High Steward at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Cunningham died at London on June 12, 1963, and was buried at sea off Portsmouth. A bust was unveiled in Trafalgar Square in London on April 2, 1967 by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh in his honor. Selected Sources History of War: Admiral Andrew Cunningham Royal Navy Museum: Andrew Cunningham

Analyzing Primary Sources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing Primary Sources - Essay Example Second, primary sources are biased by the personal views of the narrator and may lack objectivity and neutrality. This is unavoidable, not because people have bad intentions but because humans are subjective. Our personal views and observations can be influenced by our ethical and moral standards and intentions, which can and do change the way we recount events. Third, primary sources vary in quality, so not all have equal credibility. Some people are more observant and notice details others do not, while others notice more details than are objectively evident and necessary. Examples are the "Georgia" article writer's obvious stand against slavery shown in the harsh comments against the slave buyers and Sadie's more credible cheery disposition in "Shorrow". Lastly, primary sources vary in degrees of reliability. Narrations close to the date and place of the events would be more reliable because personal experience shows that human memory fades over time. Primary sources need to be checked against other sources on the same event to establish truthfulness and credibility. Offhand, none of the documents is completely unbelievable because each one is based on firsthand accounts. ... Knowing all these, historians should practice critical analysis when studying primary sources. Was any document completely believable, or completely unbelievable Offhand, none of the documents is completely unbelievable because each one is based on firsthand accounts. Unless we can prove the person identified never existed, or the event recounted never took place (e.g., the sale of slaves in Savannah on March 2-3, 1859 as in "Georgia"), these primary sources should be given the benefit of the doubt. However, we can also state that none of the documents is completely believable for similar reasons until we can establish the actual existence of characters (of Mrs. Hawkes who wrote "Shorrow", the Holt family in Walton County who owned the slaves, etc.), of minor details (was there a Senator John Hill from Madison, Georgia who served two terms on the Whig ticket as in "Evans"), and of events (Mrs. Brice closing her school in June 1861 in "Freedmen"). All facts need cross-checking to definitely establish each document's credibility. Some sources seemed less believable, notably "Freedmen" because of its pompous and exaggerated tone, and "Georgia" because the author sounded like someone vehemently against slavery, giving these articles their biased tone. The others were more believable because they sounded like a recording, the characters in "Bowers", "Shorrow", and "Evans" speaking in a way that is verified by my personal experience. The documents provided a wide range of information about slavery in the U.S., from the harsh and cruel to the gentle and kind. While some slaves really suffered at the hands of their masters ("Freedmen" and "Georgia"), others enjoyed working and were treated well ("Shorrow", "Bowers", and "Evans"). The slaves' ambitions

Legal and Ethical Issues Confronting the Education of English Language Essay

Legal and Ethical Issues Confronting the Education of English Language Learners (ELLs) - Essay Example Lastly, the use pedagogical method to teach the ELLs in mastering the English Language has also been debated. Most schools meet the needs of ELLs in several ways without breaking the law. For example, the state requires the ELLs to excel on all state exams before the school year of 2013/14. In addition, most schools ensure there is integration of the ELLs into the accountability system of the law and other annual progress goals like other learners (Bustamante 2007). Furthermore, schools ensure that the ELLs participate in all state assessment systems. Integration into the state assessment systems is effected promptly by all schools to incorporate the ELLs into learning. There are two tests offered by schools to assist the ELLs in learning, namely English Proficiency tests and academic content tests. In the English Proficiency test, the school evaluates the improvement of the ELL in understanding

Why was William successful Essay Example for Free

Why was William successful Essay When William was crowned King of England he had actually only captured the Southeast. The rest of England was all still Anglo-Saxon. In 1066/1067 William, according to the Normans was the legitimate King of England. He had got Edward the Confessors promise that he would be King. He also had a kinship with Edward, which made it that much easier to become King. It didnt hurt Williams cause when Harold apparently usurped the throne and took it for him self it gave William a legitimate reason for invading. Then after William had gained control of the Southeast the rulers of England submitted to him at Little Berkhamstead. Then they allowed him to be crowned King of England with an Anglo-Saxon Service. This shows their acceptance of William as their King. BUT William had made a mistake. He assumed that once he had been crowned King everyone would follow him as their King. William had not gone West of Faringdon and North of Bedford. It just so happened that the remainder of Harolds family was in the West and Edwin and Morcar (the Northern Earls) who were in the North. Both of these groups had not really submitted to William as their king and were willing to start a rebellion to stop William becoming even more powerful. The rebellions started because when William went back to Normandy. He had to leave regents in his place to rule for him. He chose Bishop Odo and William fitzOsbern. These two people were kinsmen of Williams and so he knew that he could trust tem. But according to Oderic Vitalis: behaved in a violent and cruel fashion and so because of the violent and cruel fashion in which they behaved rebellions started to spring up. The first rebellion was in Exeter and involved Harolds family. This is the first time that William shows his policies for rebelling against him. William reacts decisively and with great force. He marches to Exeter, building castles along the way. When he got to Exeter he brings out a hostage and blinds him in front of the walls so that everyone could see it. Then he lays siege to the city. After 18 days the city submits. All William does is to build a castle in the city its self and garrison it. This is Williamss policy: He will act with violence (the blinding of the hostage) and he will build castles. The violence scares the people and the castles ensure that the area around them is secure. So far William has been successful against the rebellions against him because he has got superior technology (castles which the Anglo-Saxons have not come up against before) and because he has acted decisively and with violence. He has scared the common people that he has come up against so much that they will not do it again. 1068 was a far more serious year for William. This took place in the Earldoms of Mercia and Northumbria. Edwin and Morcar decided that they had had enough of William and that they were going to join the Welsh. William once again marches up as fast as he could, only stopping off to build castles. The key one being at Warwick which he entrusted to Henry of Bomont. Initially he manages to make peace with Edwin and Morcar, and he pardons the Earls. Whilst all this has been happening Edgar ? thling had deserted William and had gone to Scotland. Once in Scotland he persuades the King, Malcome, to marry his sister and so joining them together. The Northumbrians with the Scots seize York. So William once again sets off, again building castles wherever he goes. William then marches on York and captures it. The only thing that he does is to build a castle in York its self. There were many more rebellions on 1068, and all of these William squashed and then built castles all over the area, thus making sure that all the problem parts of England were covered with Castles. William seemed obsessed by the idea of covering the face of England with castles. That also coupled with the face that he took charge personally were ever he could and got to the heart of the revolt as quickly as possible meant that there was not really too much damage. The rebellions of 1067 1072 failed, in my view, because of the fact that they were all so spur of the moment and so dispersed form one another. If they had joined up together and planned together, then they might have had a chance. Especially of they had joined up with the Vikings that came and invaded in 1069. The Vikings gave William the most trouble, but because William already had a series of castle sin place all over the country it wasnt as bad as it could have been. William completely destroyed the area around York, so that the Vikings and his other enemies could not make use of it. He destroyed them so badly that the effects were still apparent in the Doomsday book, written many years later. Williamss ferocious suppression of the north of England in 1069 1070 in response to the English and Scandinavian resistance is often regarded as the darkest deed in his reign. William eventually had to pay the Danes to go away so that William could deal with the English rebels him self. So William was successful against the rebels in 1067 1072 purely because he was more ruthless than they were and because he had access to greater technology, mainly castles building. William terrorised the English so much that they didnt dare rebel again.

Comparing Treatment of Death During the Renaissance and in Shakespeare’

Treatment of Death During the Renaissance and in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is arguably the most well known and well-read play in history. With its passionate and realistic treatment of universal themes of love, fate, war, and death, it’s not difficult to see why. However, most people don’t realize that there are several versions of the play, each with their own unique additions and/or changes to the plot, dialogue, and characters. After thumbing through the texts located here on this website, you can see even at a glance the distinct differences between the versions of Romeo and Juliet. This essay will explore how people dealt with death during the Renaissance in context to Shakespeare’s Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (Lamentable Tragedie.) More specifically, I will show that the added monologue in act 4, scene 5, regarding the convention of death, is consistent to the social and religious beliefs of the time period. Act IV, scene V of the Lamentable Tragedie is perhaps the most insightful scene dealing with the coping of death during the Renaissance. Previous to the scene Romeo has been banished for slaying Tybalt, and Juliet’s father has forced her to marry her betrothed Paris. In a desperate attempt to avoid the marriage and reunite Juliet with her love, the Friar gives Juliet a sleeping elixir to stage her death. Convinced that a marriage to Paris would be worse than death, Juliet takes the deathly potion and falls into a coma-like sleep. At the beginning of the scene the house is stirring with excitement in preparation for the wedding and the nurse is sent to wake the sleeping Juliet. After much calling and shaking, the nurse begins to suspect that something is wrong. Could her mistre... ...ents in such a manner, royalty reigned supreme during Shakespeare’s day and could do and speak as they saw fit. Finally, it is important to understand the historical context for which the characters were written. Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was written for an audience that had survived the destructive forces of the Black Death, and shared a different philosophy on death altogether. Works Cited Heitsch, Dorothea. â€Å"Approaching Death by Writing: Montaigne’s Essays and the Literature of Consolation.† Literature and Medicine 19, Jan. 2000: pp 1-6. Huizinga, Johan. The Waning of the Middle Ages. London: Edward Arnold, 1924. Spinrad, Pheobe. The Summons of Death on the Medieval and Renaissance English Stage. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1987. Wilcox, Helen. Women and Literature in Britain 1500-1700. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Investment Analysis-Derivatives: Options and Warrants Essay

This report will encompass brief explanation of common derivatives namely, options and warrants. What are Options? A contract which enables the investor to buy or sell a particular financial instrument is known as an option ( Rao, 2003, p. 676). The underlying financial product in equity option is stocks. These contracts have expiry dates; hence an investor can exercise option before its expiration. The options can be exercised at a specific price which is known as striking price or exercise price (Rao, 2003, p. 676). Essentially options are of two types, call option and put option. Call option:   It is an option which allows the option holder to buy or call a specific number of shares at a specific price, within an already specified time period (Rao, 2003, p. 677). For instance, 3 months ago, an investor purchased a 6-months call-option on 500 shares of Hewlett Packard at the strike price of $40 per share. If the current market price of the stock is $50, the investor has a choice to exercise the option and purchase 500 shares at $40 instead of $50. This implies that an investor would want to buy a call option if he expects the market price to rise above the exercise price (Rao, 2003, p. 677) Put option: It is an option which allows the option holder to sell or put a specific number of shares at a specific price, within an already specified time period (Rao, 2003, p. 678). This is exactly vice versa to call option; therefore an investor would purchase a put option if he expects the market price of the stock to get lower than the exercise price. Risk and Returns associated with options A lot of investors employ options as tools to mitigate their risk in investment, in other words, they insure their investment in stock against any fall in market price (Rao, 2003, p. 679). For e.g. an investor holding a put option has saved himself from even a 100 percent decline in the market price of shares of ABC Company, and he can still sell the stocks at the specified strike price. This practice is also known as hedging, as the name suggests; the investors hedge their risk in the respective investment. However, despite its ability to hedge risks, it should never be neglected that like any other investment it has no guarantee of 100 percent return or security. An investor can risk investing huge sum in the shape of premium price of an option. For e.g. if an investors buys a call option and the price of the stock falls below the exercise price, he gets exposed to potential losses. But it is evident that the losses will be relatively lower than what actual stock holders will bear. Hence it can be verifiably be said that options are great instruments for mitigating risk, provided that an investor is able to predict the future stock price movement with much precision and exercise options at the right time in order to make profit. What are warrants? A warrant is a security issued by a company which grants the warrant holder, a right to purchase a specific number of common shares at a specified price, before the warrant expires (Mathur, 2000, p. 436). Investors exercise their warrants when they buy shares directly (trading between the broker and the investor), or trade over the counter. Warrant holders have no claim on dividends and no voting rights. Warrants also are issued with bonds and preferred stocks.   Moreover, warrants with bonds can be traded separately in the market as well (Mathur, 2000, p. 437). Characteristics of Warrants There are three main characteristics of warrants which are as follows, 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Expiration date: Investors can exercise their option of converting the warrants into shares any time before the warrant expires (Mathur, 2000, p. 437). Generally the life of a warrant is 5-10 years. Hence, during this time, the warrant holder can easily exercise the warrant as per the need and opportunity. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Premium price: The price that warrant holders agree to pay for buying shares in future, is known as exercise or premium price Mathur, 2000, p. 437). This price is generally 10% to 30% above the prevailing market price of the shares. For e.g. if the market price of Microsoft Corporation is $80, then the warrant issued can be set at $96 (20% above the market price). Therefore, if the stock price rises, the warrant holder can either exercise the warrant to buy shares or sell the warrant in market. However, if the current market price of the stock becomes equal to or less than the exercise price, the value of the warrant becomes zero (Mathur, 2000, p. 438). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exposure to investor: Warrants are always issued by with provisions which clearly specify the number of shares that can be bought with a single warrant (Mathur, 2000, p. 438).

The Rise of the Spring by Stravinsky

I attended a symphony orchestra at Alexander Kasser Theater in Montclair State University on Wednesday, December 8th, 2010 at 7:30 pm. The program was approximately an hour and a half long, with two parts and a short intermission. The Rite of Spring (Le Sacre du printemps- 1913) by Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) was performed. There was an assortment of musical energy in parts of the first section of the symphony with a quantity of sections constantly changing rhythms. I really enjoyed the piece, it was not too long to become fed up with and distracted. Listening to the piece made me feel adventurous in some points; not knowing what could happen next, almost like to a movie. The Rite of Spring is a piece that tells a story, where in order for spring to rise, a young female must be chosen before the sage and dance to death. This piece is full of paradox, the music is incredibly dynamic, loud and soft, startling and delicate, and dark and it is extravagant. The Rise of the Spring is textured in its irregular time signatures and instrumental diversity (trumpets, flutes, clarinets, bassoons, string arrangements, etc. ). There was a percussive use of strings, halting rhythms, and also irregular meters. The first act began with an opening solo of the Bassoon. Later on, half of the Violas played in B Minor when the other half played B Major, then the trumpets enter, causing a dramatic importance in the piece. The tones bounced off each other, making it sound much alike harmonically. Those strings would play in a strict rhythm together, suddenly following up with French horns. After the horns and trumpet, the music stops, â€Å"the chosen one† of the piece must become the sacrifice. Those famous measures have eleven quarter notes playing that show the glorification of â€Å"the chosen one†. Every glorification of every measure is basically in a different meter, and it is quite challenging to play as I witnessed. The very last quarter of the piece signifies the moment of death, having the double bass play four different pitches at the same time. Whether or not it was intentional on Stravinsky’s part, the notes were in order of D-E-A-D. It sounds quite irregular but also entwined to make the piece sound superior, which is why Igor was very clever in his time to make such a deep piece here. Without hesitation, I would see another symphony similar to Stravinsky’s The Rise of the Spring.

African American essays

African American essays Being African American has never been easy. White America has always been stereotypical of black people, although blacks have shaped American history through inventions, sports, and political science. The way White America has looked at blacks has never changed. No matter how much money you have, youre still a nigga. African Americans have been fighting for equality since the birth of this nation, and the war is raging on. At this point in Americas history, a battle of epic proportions is taking place. The objective is to get "mainstream" America to realize that there is still much more to be done to eliminate the crimes that have been perpetrated and perpetuated against so-called minorities in this democracy. After committing genocide against Native Americans, and securing the slave trade one of the most heinous situations that the world has seen are "minorities" supposed to be pleased by mere legislation in the form of Civil rights? After centuries of free labor, and leaving thousands of people homeless and/or with no economic power, does America truly believe that it has rid itself of this situation by exclaiming, "You are equal!" A Black man goes to see an apartment after calling the landlord to make sure that it was still available. After seeing the man in person, the landlord becomes uncomfortable and says the apartment is rented. This is an example of stereotyping that we as black people see everyday. In the State of New Jersey, for example, Blacks were almost five times more likely as other drivers to be stopped by the police on the highway. Some argue that infamous cases of police brutality against Blacks - the beating of Rodney King in Los Angeles in 1991, the rape of Abner Louima in 1997 and the killing of Amadou Diallo, a West African immigrant. New York City police shot at the ma ...

Gravimetric Analysis Definition

Gravimetric Analysis Definition Gravimetric analysis is a collection of  quantitative analysis laboratory techniques  based on the measurement of an analytes mass. One example of a  gravimetric analysis technique  can be used to determine the amount of an ion in a solution by dissolving a known amount of a compound containing the ion in a solvent to separate the ion from its compound. The ion is then precipitated or evaporated out of solution and weighed. This form of gravimetric analysis is called precipitation gravimetry. Another form of gravimetric analysis is volatization gravimetry. In this technique, compounds in a mixture are separated by heating them to chemically decompose the specimen. Volatile compounds are vaporized and lost (or collected), leading to a measurable reduction on the mass of the solid or liquid sample. Precipitation Gravimetric Analysis Example In order for gravimetric analysis to be useful, certain conditions must be met: The ion of interest must fully precipitate from solution.The precipitate must be a pure compound.It must be possible to filter the precipitate. Of course, there is error in such an analysis! Perhaps not all of the ion will precipitate. They may be impurities collected during filtration. Some sample may be lost during the filtration process, either because it passes through the filter or else is not recovered from the filtration medium. As an example, silver, lead, or mercury may be used to determine chlorine because these metals for insoluble chloride. Sodium, on the other hand, forms a chloride that dissolves in water rather than precipitates. Steps of Gravimetric Analysis Careful measurements are necessary for this type of analysis. Its important to drive away any water that may be attracted to a compound. Place an unknown in a weigh bottle that has its lid cracked open. Dry the bottle and sample in an oven to remove water. Cool the sample in a desiccator.Indirectly weigh a mass of the unknown in a beaker.Dissolve the unknown to produce a solution.Add a precipitating agent to the solution. You may wish to heat the solution, as this increases the particle size of the precipitate, reducing loss during filtration. Heating the solution is called digestion.Use vacuum filtration to filter the solution.Dry and weigh the collected precipitate.Use stoichiometry based on the balanced chemical equation to find the mass of the ion of interest. Determine the mass percent of the analyte by dividing the mass of analyte by mass of unknown. For example, using silver to find an unknown chloride, a calculation might be: Mass of dry unknown chloride: 0.0984Mass of AgCl precipitate: 0.2290 Since one mole of AgCl contains one mole of Cl- ions: (0.2290 g AgCl)/(143.323 g/mol) 1.598 x 10-3 mol AgCl(1.598 x 10-3)x(35.453 g/mol Cl) 0.0566 g Cl (0.566 g Cl)/(0.0984 g sample) x 100% 57.57% Cl in unknown sample Note lead would have been another option for the analysis. However, if lead had been used, the calculation would have needed to account for the fact one mole of PbCl2 contains two moles of chloride. Also note, error would have been greater using lead because lead is not completely insoluble. A small quantity of chloride would have remained in solution instead of precipitating.

Web presence review. Evaluating web design Assignment

Web presence review. Evaluating web design - Assignment Example This paper will try to review the web design of Monsoon and demonstrate understanding of the theory and processes involved in the initiation, design and use of web sites in a business environment. It will evaluate and identify examples of best practice in the industry and apply them. Discussion Web Presence Web Presence is defined as the overall performance of a website and its programs or adopted strategies to sustain as well as maximize internet popularity and usefulness (Balwani, 2010). It is an indication of the maintenance and sustainability of an online business, shop, or an e-commerce entity. Monsoon (www.monsoon.co.uk) Monsoon claims to have about 600 Monsoon and Accessorize stores around the world. It was started in 1973 by a vendor named Peter Simon who sold shaggy woollen coats and block printed clothes from Rajasthan on the Portobello Road. The company background and history is short but the website provides a comprehensive detail about their store location, CSR program, terms and conditions of site use, complete and updated listing of products, online shopping, delivery information promo and free return policy, among others (Appendix B). Evaluating Web Design The Management Centre International Limited (2011) or MCIL provided 10 criteria or checklist in evaluating a website. While these criteria will not determine the overall web presence of a product, service or company, it provides the user with important information about how a company sustains web presence in its domain. It should be understood that a firm’s website is the â€Å"most important piece of the business’ web presence† (Balwani, 2010, P 1). The checklist of evaluating the Monsoon website is as follows: 1. First Impressions. The first impression encompasses the intuitive choice for URL or uniform resource locator or web address which should be short and simple that fits perfectly on the characteristic of the firm. It should consider download time, thereby the capa bility of its host and size of homepage in order to minimize time in opening the page, or quick to download (Negrino, 2006; MCIL, 2011). The look and feel of the site is determined with its readability: clear and easy to understand with text and images in harmony (England & Finney, 2001). It should not be demanding such as asking for the viewer to download a program that will allow the reader to view the page. The page should be compact and fits the screen. The homepage should indicate immediately to the user its â€Å"unique selling point† or value proposition in order for the user to determine what is in store for him or her at the site. It should contain highly visible direct links to key action points or KAP in order to engage the user but at the same time, impart a feeling of â€Å"wanting more† so that the user will either stay at the page or site to explore, or come back again. Contact details are an important part of all websites to convey approachability, open ness, and a welcome feeling for the user (Mandell, 1997; MCIL, 2011). Many users will feel comfortable to establish trust, thereby, the site should indicate credential validation through certifications or associations. A statement from the management will provide the user an opportunity to know the vision and values of the company. It should not force users to register or subscribe in order to navigate as this will scare users away. After navigation, they will feel free to subscribe or register (MCIL, 2011, 2). Monsoon was able to accomplish majority of the first impression requirements although failed to immediately impart its message of unique selling poin

Genetic Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Genetic Engineering - Essay Example Also known as gene modification, genetic engineering refers to the manipulation of genes. This technology involves removing a gene from one organism and inserting it into another organism. The removed genes are often put into yeast cells or bacteria to enable scientists study the protein or gene it produces more easily. The technology can be used to find cures to deadly diseases and enable people to live happy lives without being worried about having AIDS or any other deadly diseases. However, genetic engineering can lead to ethical issues such as unfairness, â€Å"Playing God†, or programming a human being. The most significant beneficial impact of genetic engineering is gene therapy. Gene therapy refers to the medical treatment of a disease by fixing or replacing imperfect genes or introducing curative genes to fight the disease. Despite the debate about genetic engineering, the laws in most countries seem to uphold genetic engineering research and development by permitting genetically engineered organisms to be patented. These patents give scientists domination over their genetically engineered species. Regardless, we must not linger and see the impacts genetic engineering will have on the earth. We must form informed opinions, advocate government regulation and anticipate that a whatever path this technology takes us, is an affirmative step towards enhanced environmental sustainability, reduced animal torment, and overall considerate regard for the earth and its valuable life.

Bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bullying - Essay Example To begin with, the fresher becomes the ideal â€Å"raw-material† for bullying. The reason being the freshmen are in minority and the senior students are in majority. The latter have gone through the experience of bullying and are waiting for their opportunity to take revenge. Taunts, intimidation, threats and violence are different forms of bullying and it is growing in all the directions like the octopus. The hopeful sign is that there has been increased awareness about the measures to checkmate bullying with those concerned with this issue, parents, teachers and guardians of the society. Making of a bully Vile bullying is tantamount to criminal behavior. In the educational institutions it is practiced by the bullies as if it is part of their curriculum. Some of the reasons for bullying are frustration, absence of role model, abuse and neglect at home, undue influence of peers and conduct disorder etc. The seed for the trait of bullying is sown at home. Children have impressi onable minds, and when parents do not spare enough time for them to meet their genuine needs, they rebel internally and when suppressed over a long period, it results in aggression. A youth fights to establish his own identity failing which he associates with like-minded friends and plans violent acts to give vent to his suppressed desires and goals. The materialistic civilization and the internet revolution have contributed their share to making the youth take to the path of negativities and violence. A youth comes to believe that bullying is the best and immediate solution for all his problems. Acceptable behavior for young adults and solution to bullying, its different perspectives A bully, when called to account, will go to the typical denial mode immediately. This is the common reaction. The bully thinks that offence is the best form of defense. Bullies are excellent manipulators and are experts in passing on the responsibility. In schools and colleges, to tackle bullying has t o be the important part of the school discipline. Students should have a clear understanding at the time of admission that aggression, bullying and violence are not acceptable. A written communication needs to be sent to the guardians and parents mentioning their responsibility on this count and with clear indications about the anti-bullying policy of the institution. The tolerance limit for this negative tendency should be zero and the one who still rebels must find accommodation in reformatory schools, if not outright rustication. The punishment meted out needs to be stern warning to other intending bullies that not only their educational career, but their future is in jeopardy if they violate rules. At the same time all possible counseling methods need to be employed to tame a bully and guidance provided to him as to how to deal with aggression. The bully should be told firmly about the benefits of interaction in a responsible and respectable manner with fellow students, juniors and the teaching faculty. Physical punishment is inappropriate as it will not deliver permanent solution to heal the injured psyche of the affected individual. The final solution to tackle bullying is the collective responsibility of the senior students, teachers, parents and the moral guardians of the society like preachers and spiritual masters. Meekness is not a virtue in all circumstances. Even the most disciplined student need to stand up to the bullies to check them from further adventures. The wise saying goes, â€Å"Meet good with good and evil with justice.† Most of the bullies are internally cowards. David Derbyshire writes about two interesting findings by the researchers, â€Å"Children who returned hostility with hostility appeared to be the most mature, the researchers found. Boys who stood

Development As Freedom A Review Sociology Essay

Development As Freedom A Review Sociology Essay The author conceptualizes development as the gap between an exclusive concentration on economic wealth and a broader focus on the lives we can lead (p.14) emphasizing that the theory of development goes well beyond wealth accumulation and gross national product growth. The chapter examines the relationship between development and freedom, the way in which freedom is a component of development and an extensive view of freedom encompassing both opportunities that people have and processes that allow for freedom of decisions. The main arguments of the author is that development should be assessed by freedom of accessibility to factors such as social opportunities, health care, clean water, economic security, civil rights and political freedom. Lack of accessibility means unfreedom. Development therefore should mean that people can live the lives they want to live and precisely, how can a nation say in all entirety that it has freedom when its citizens cannot afford the very basic necessities of life or fulfill the rights they are entitled to? Sen goes on further to compare different views of poverty in both developing and developed nation by analyzing freedoms through values, poverty and inequality, income and mortality, markets and freedom, tradition and culture. The author sees the process of development beyond economic growth or physical and human capital and concludes by linking the understanding of a broad view of the development process to the substantive freedoms of people. Sens write up contains intriguing views but he hasnt mentioned what justifies his classification into these freedoms i.e. experience of developing countries, factual historical evidence or how far freedom has progressed within each context he identified. His definition is quite different from Rapleys in which Rapley describes development as more concerned with flexibility and adaptability (Rapley 2007 pp 5) and so raises a question. Can development be measured only by individual happiness without economic growth and stability? Happiness, in my opinion is geared more towards Rapleys definition and should be adapted into the process of economic growth. Willis, K. (2005) Theories and Practices of Development. London. Routledge. p. 32-42. Willis chapter 2 of theories and practices of development analyses development theories and practices and how these theories were attached to the economic, social and political theories that developed in Europe from the 18th century. Williss interpretation raises some interesting facts about historical development of theories and she divides her study into various theories. The classical economists such as David Ricardo, an advocate of free trade and Adam Smith, in his famous book, Wealth of Nations responded to the trade focus of economic policy at that time (p.32) when trade was a major factor of economic growth. Here, protectionist measures such as high tariffs were highly used by merchants. Willis goes on to say Adam Smith was not in favour of this form of regulation and that it was harmful to the countrys economic growth. Instead, greater focus on production and division of labour which will be regulated by the invisible hand of the market (p.33). The Great depression of the 1930s and other economic happenings gave rise to Keynes argument of the free market not necessarily a positive force but government intervention in the promotion of economic growth while postwar reconstruction period was a time to reflect on the economic crises that occurred at that time and provide solutions to their re-occurrence. This led to the creation of the Bretton woods institutions to assist in the promotion of stable economic growth within a capitalist system (p. 36) Willis describes the linear stages theory and makes emphasis on Rostow, the American economist and political theorists stages of Economic growth to development. Here, development was seen as a state where a large number of the population could afford to spend largely on consumer products and development was viewed as modern, moving from agricultural societies to an industrial economy. While she tries to decipher early theoretical ideas, Willis has not made clear linkages between some of these theories and how they have come to evolve in economic debates and discussions over time. Chang, H., and Ilene G. (2004) Reclaiming Development from the Washington Consensus, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 27(2), 274-291. The fundamental of this article is to correct the notion that there is no alternative to the Washington Consensus. The authors argue that neoliberal policies have failed to achieve their goals in developing world (p. 274) and so discuss the major development myths for justifying neoliberal policies that have been harmful to developing world and perhaps as a complacency to the reader, possible alternatives to these policies. These myths, evaluated individually, describe how these policies have lacked credibility. Myth 1; In contrast to the neoliberal policy success, the reality is that the policy has not promoted its main aim of economic growth. Myth 2; Developed countries gained success through free market policies whereas records claim they relied upon interventionist policies for development. Myth 3; Only neoliberal policies can succeed in todays global environment whereas in fact there is evidence of continuing institutional and policy divergence across national boundaries (p. 277) Myth 4; Discipline imposed by international institutions to keep them honest whereby placing policy making authority in the hands of these organizations. Myth 5; The East Asian model cannot be replicated when in fact most developed countries utilized this model. Myth 6; Developing countries should imitate the Anglo American model of capitalism which fared poorly in the economic boom of the 1990s. The authors went ahead to put forward alternative policies for faster economic development which includes the financial system providing adequate finance quantities for investment projects at appropriate prices, enforcing strict laws on new foreign loans incurred by domestic borrowers, defocusing on budget balance and maximizing FDI potentials to promote economic and industrial development in developing countries While arguing for these policies, it will be sensible to note that economies are different and there can be no best practice policy that everyone should use (Chang 2003). Policies for development should not be fixed but depend on stages of development of a developing nation and other factors such as resource capacity, economic, political and social conditions. Pender, J. (2001) From Structural Adjustment to Comprehensive Development Framework: Conditionality Transformed? Third World Quarterly, 22 (3), 397-411. Pender reviews how the World Banks approach to development has changed over decades and brought about important shifts to its conditionality approach. In the light of new changes between the 90s and today, the World Bank formulated a Comprehensive Development Framework, based on a relationship of partnership to replace its erstwhile structural adjustment lending (p. 397). The author examines why the World Banks perspectives of development changed through different periods; In the 1980s to early 90s, GDP was used as a measure of development as the Bank was mostly concerned with rapid economic growth and sustenance for least developed countries (LDC) and the adoption of policies such as restriction of state spending, controlling inflation, commodity exports and privatization as factors to achieve development. The 1990s drew lack of confidence in these policies and there were strong doubts about its competence judging from the success of the Asian Economies that developed rapidly without the World Banks policy prescriptions. This informed the Bank to change its 1980 view about minimal state role in development and that growth by itself is not enough (p 401). Thus in 1990, a formulation of an approach based on both labour intensive growth and widespread provision of basic social services (p.401). In spite of these alterations, there were criticisms that the Bank reforms were not aiding Africas growth but rather, increasing stagnant economies through the implementation of the Banks policies. According to Pender, the Bank lost confidence in its policy framework in early 1995, with the Asian miracle and LDCs failure and was forced to critique its own policies and re-orientate. This modification was experimented between 1995-1997 with improvements in the understanding of economic development and poverty reduction as the central focus. The author gives clear informed views of the process of policy change within the World Bank at different times but fails to analyze the impact of this new focus of poverty reduction and its success to the development of todays third world countries. Chang, H. (2003) Kicking away the ladder. Development Strategy in Historical Perspectives. London, Anthem Press. Chapter 1. Changs analysis centers around one question, How did the rich countries really become rich? He uncovers some myths about developed countries developmental experience and argues that developed countries did not develop through the same policies that they recommend to the developing world. This pressure from developed countries to the developing world to adopt a set of good policies that they adopted when they themselves were developing is faced with criticisms because historical evidence suggests otherwise and goes on to say that they are trying to hide the secret of their success (p. 2). Some of these policies include liberalization of trade, privatization, restrictive macroeconomic policies and deregulation but facts show that most of the developing countries used export subsidies and industry protection, industrial policies that the WTO disapproves in the present world. The USA and UK were examples of ardent users of these same policies frowned at in contrast to the free trade policies and free market they preach. Chang quotes List, the German economist that Britain was the first country to perfect the art of infant industry promotion which is the principle behind most countries journey to success (p. 3). He argues that developed countries, while alleging to recommend good policies to developing countries are actually trying to kick away the ladder of their own economic development. A conclusion is drawn on some methodological issues of David Ricardos neoliberal policies to Friedrich Lists infant industry argument that while developed countries preach Ricardo to developing nations, they actually pursued Lists policies in the past. Although Chang did not confront and compare works of economic historians e.g. L.E Birdzells How the West grew rich in relation to his How did the rich countries really become rich to identify similar or different conclusions, his examination of historical materials to reach important and interesting conclusions is a contribution that is immensely valuable to the current debates on development that will evidently challenge contemporary policies and enrich development theory.