Spiritual Needs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Profound Needs - Assignment Example The outcomes show that the individuals who had visit contributions in otherworldly issues were fundamentally bound to have longer, more beneficial lives. (McCullough, Hoyt, Larson, Koenig and Thoresen, 2000 ) Thesis - obviously any patient needs treatment for his disease, however this ought to be given as a feature of a comprehensive methodology which incorporates an endeavor to both survey and to meet his otherworldly needs, whatever his specific confidence position and practice. So as to do this adequately it is important to know about specific otherworldly needs. Hence every patient ought to be surveyed profoundly. Various inquiry s ought to be posed so as to show up at reality with respect to an individual’s profound state. The appropriate responses at that point give signs or pointers what exactly is required †does the individual need to see a clergyman, to get the Eucharist, or maybe need space to put down a supplication tangle on the off chance that they are a Musl im.... Or maybe they give a comprehensive structure. They may not really be tended to straightforwardly to the patient , yet might be founded on perception, if for example the patient experiences issues talking or when there is a language obstruction. They may for example be wearing a cross or a Sikh steel bangle The inquiries do exclude words explicit to specific strict gatherings for example .church, sanctuary, temple, holy observances. It isn’t that these may not be utilized, but instead that it is important to set up as a matter of first importance if the patient has a place with a specific confidence ]tradition for example In the event that they ‘I go to the Episcopalian church in my town.’ the consideration supplier may proceed to inquire as to whether anybody from the congregation realize you are in emergency clinic? Okay like us to tell them? On the off chance that they state ‘I am a Muslim’ they can, at that point be educated regarding an explicitly Muslim arrangement, for example, a petition room or told that they can utilize the day rom at specific occasions . b) My evaluation of Michael R. Michael is a multi year old honorable man whom I have come to know well more than a little while. He initially came into clinic with what he thought was basic chest disease, however was told inside a couple of hours that he required a lung transplant, something he saw as pulverizing. Since that time his kidney work has weakened and he had a close to lethal scene a couple of days back. Date of meeting latest meeting 27th July 2012 . Huge disclosures. Michael has a small kid and, in light of the fact that he feels his sickness is self-actuated he feels a lot of blame about his progressively energetic imprudences, for example, road sedate use which currently keep him from being with his youngster . He doesn’t need his girl to see him in his current state. c) What worked out in a good way? From the start Michael imagined he didnâ€℠¢t need

Timeline History Of Russia 1533-1991 Essays - Marxist Theorists

Course of events History of Russia 1533-1991 1533-1584 The Russian Empire, covering more than one-6th of the world, is administered by the power of Czar Ivan the Terrible. The medieval framework abuses each man, lady and youngster as the Czar discharges Assessment Gatherers to keep up help for the nobles in the land. Scoundrels what's more, money related blackmailers aggrieve any lower class resident who won't help add to the Czar's system. 1682-1725 Under Czar Peter I (Peter the Great), the Russian Empire starts to prosper with hints of conventional social structure alterations in the nation. Watching the extreme advances of western human advancements, Peter arranges the modernization of the military, production of a naval force, energizes mercantilism and outside exchange, and gives ladies more rights. By and by, the Empire stays stricken in neediness over slow changes and the tyrannical nearness of feudalism. 1825-1861 The primitive framework starts to bomb when the objectives and wants of the regular laborer can't be accomplished through such an obsolete precept. Different progressive Czars endeavor social changes which don't leave an effect on the nation's prosperity. In December of 1825, an uprising from the masses occures when they request changes to the monetary framework. With the advancement of the American, French and Spanish constitutions, the serfs presently requested the abolishment of the government tyranny, common responsibility for and numerous other common also, social changes. Lamentably, their disobedience was rapidly disassembled by the Czar's military group and the framework stayed in judgment. 1861-1905 Dictator Nicholas II at long last understood that his current monetary government was keeping down the advancement of the domain. He in this manner made a parliamentary framework in 1905 which would diminish the number of strikes and fierce upheavals producing from the laborers. This agent get together (called a Duma) was assembled a sum of four times during the principal World War and offered authenticity to other political groups inside the realm and would ideally increment social liberties. 1917-1924 World War I prompted the relinquishment (abdication) of the Czar as the individuals rebelled against his futile government. Starvation, infection and demise were fanning out quickly as the Russians supported France against the local army of Germany during World War I. The populace lost its confidence in the government and introduced a temporary government that would shield the nation from breaking down. In any case, this administration would not intercede during the delicate long periods of the war and lost its capacity to a socialist gathering called the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, drove by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Nikolai Lenin), toppled the temporary government and executed their style of power to the domain. Their targets were to lead the Russian domain into thriving while using Karl Marx's proposed regulation for a public, awkward condition where the laborers will utilize their capacities to fulfill their own needs. The Union was currently conceived and the Communist Manifesto was at long last going to be enacted. The C zar and his family were caught and executed, accordingly finishing the abusive totalitarianism that had come to pass for the domain for a long time. In the end, the focal government was overwhelmed by Lenin and his military heads, Leon Trotsky and Josef Stalin. Albeit a minority party, the Bolsheviks chosen to actualize free enterprise changes to the delicate economy so as to help the revolutionary kickback that would follow. The New Economic Policy (NEP) made by Lenin would permit workers to save a specific measure of benefit for themselves, as opposed to having the government sponsor every last bit of it. Shockingly, Lenin kicked the bucket similarly as his strategy had begun to work. 1925-1953 The two clear beneficiaries to Lenin's system were Josef Stalin and Leon Trotsky. In spite of the fact that Trotsky was more qualified for the position (with his solid political tendencies towards sensible social flexibility), Josef Stalin expected controlled and therefore requested the outcast of all connecting bureau priests, including Trotsky. Anybody in the Union who protested his choices was sent to Siberian jail camps or killed. He currently had full control with no intercession from other liberal or moderate gatherings. He chose to focus on improving military quality and expanding on improving the Soviet economy, instead of follow Lenin's progressive objective of ruling the world. So as to get the monstrous measure of cash expected to keep up his state army, he started a progression of multi year programs which would drive

Why we crave horror movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why we need blood and gore films - Essay Example Casey is a little youngster alone in the house. She gets a call which she considers as a trick call. She is a tease a little when the guest has sneaked into her home. Wearing a white cover, the executioner pursues her and afterward wounds her to death when her folks are simply going into the house. Following this is a progression of different killings lastly the executioners get captured while attempting to slaughter a young lady who is the sweetheart of one of the two executioners. Since that was the main blood and gore flick I at any point saw, it badly affected me. In spite of the fact that I felt wiped out at the scene when Casey was wounded to death, still I needed to observe more. I was frightened and I didn't want to watch the film alone with lights killed. I don't comprehend this inclination even today, that is, how might I appreciate such a film which was making me so alarmed that I was unable to rest for several evenings. This is the thing that shocks me about human instinc t. In spite of the fact that I didn't need the executioners to connect on Casey and slaughter her, still I was making the most of her being made blockhead of through the trick call. Additionally, in spite of the fact that I would not like to see Casey bite the dust, still I watched the full scene when she was being wounded and her dead body being pulled leaving blood blemishes on the floor. In spite of the fact that I regularly had my hand on my eyes out of fear, still I didn't quick advance the film.

Health Care Museum Essay Example for Free

Medicinal services Museum Essay 1. General Health As expressed by Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health; Division of Health Care Services, Prior to the eighteenth century there was a few pandemics of plague, cholera, and smallbox, which incited inconsistent open endeavors to secure residents notwithstanding a fear sickness (1988, p.57). During the eighteenth century general wellbeing mindfulness and endeavors helped infection to be seen through another extent of human wellbeing conditions instead of an excessively characteristic impact that could be controlled through seclusion of the evil and isolate of individuals who voyaged. Numerous individuals thought malady was added to poor good or even a profound intervened factor that could be mended through supplication as well as reflection. General Health has a few improving components among individuals in the United States. These improving elements incorporate yet are not constrained to precaution proportions of controlling irresistible sickness, vaccinations, more secure and more beneficial nourishments, and a cleaner domain. General wellbeing has helped decline emergency clinic contaminations and infections from spreading from various perspectives. One significant commitment general wellbeing has actualize is the training of hand washing in medical clinics and with food dealing with too. By instructing individuals about hand washing, it has diminished transmission of microorganisms from spreading to patient to quiet. Appropriate advances, for example, washed hands with cleanser, scouring hands together for 15 seconds, utilizing a spotless paper towel to get hands and in conclusion turning dry water with a paper towel has help keep transmission of different microscopic organisms from spreading. 2. Penicillin Penicillin was found by Dr. Alexander Fleming in 1928. Dr. Alexander Fleming was a bacteriologist and found penicillin, a form, while looking at settlements of Staphylococcus aureus on petri dishes in his lab. After inspecting the states of Staphylococcus aureus there where regions that didn't repress development because of the Penicillin shape. This revelation was critical in history since it lead to the battle of irresistible illnesses. Penicillin was not utilized as an anti-microbial until 1942. In 1942 Penicillin was utilized on its first patient who built up a contamination in the wake of losing. The clinical effect of penicillin was on a huge size of occasions, it has lead to a wide size of anti-toxins that is utilized today. These equivalent innovations turned into the model for the turn of events and creation of new sorts of bioproducts (i.e., anticancer operators, monoclonal antibodies, and mechanical chemicals). The clinical effect of penicillin was enormous and quick. By introducing the broad clinical utilization of anti-microbials, penicillin was liable for empowering the control of numerous irresistible infections that had recently troubled humanity, with ensuing effect on worldwide populace socioeconomics. Additionally, the huge combined open impact of the numerous new anti-toxins and new bioproducts that were created and marketed based on the science and innovation after penicillin exhibits that penicillin had the best remedial effect occasion all things considered (Kardos N, Demain Al) 3. American Red Cross The American Red Cross was established in 1881 by Clara Barton. Clara Barton visited Europe and caught wind of the Swiss-roused Red Cross. At the point when she got back from her visit she battled for an American Red Cross and for endorsement of the Geneva Convention securing the war-harmed, which the United States confirmed in 1882 (American cross.org). The reason for the American Red Cross is to help in giving alleviation and to help administration a medium correspondence between the American military and their families. During World War II, the American Red Cross started a national blood program that got over 13.3 million pints of blood for the military. The American Red Cross has a tremendous effect across the country and with the United States. The American Red Cross reacts to helping in serious calamities, for example, typhoons, quakes, and wars. Their reaction framework likewise teaches in nutrition,â accident anticipation, home consideration for the wiped out, wellbeing preparing, CPR/AED preparing, HIV/AIDS instruction alongside enthusiastic consideration and backing during fiascos. One of the major contributing components of the American Red Cross is its blood program. It’s blood program supplies in excess of 40 percent of the blood items in the United States (American Cross, 2014). Numerous clinics and medicinal services offices secure their blood items from the American Red Cross to transfuse into their patients, which has spared a great many lives. 4. CPR CPR was created in the 1700 to spare the lives of suffocating casualties. Over a hundred years after the fact, in 1891, Dr. Friedrich Maass played out the principal recorded chest compressions on a human. In 1960, a gathering of revival pioneers, Drs. Diminish Safar, James Jude, and William Bennett Kouwenhouven, consolidated mouth-to-mouth breathing with chest compressions to make Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, the lifesaving activity we currently call â€Å"CPR† (American Heart Association, 2014) CPR was once known to just be performed by individuals in the human services field. Today, there are in excess of 12 million individuals yearly who are prepared in CPR and propelled life bolster who ensured to help in safeguarding lives. CPR has expanded the endurance pace of patients who are in abrupt heart failure. As indicated by the American Heart Association, almost 383,000 abrupt heart failures happen every year out of the emergency clinic, and 88 percent of unexpected heart fa ilures happen at home 5. MEDICARE In 1965 President Johnson marked into law the Medicare program. The Medicare program was instituted because of a few Americans more than 65 who couldn't get clinical protection. There were various variables prompting Americans not having the option to have clinical protection. A few people couldn't pay for private protection simultaneously a few managers don't offer clinical protection. As indicated by the CMS (2013) on March 26, 1965 congressional pioneers talked about the Medicare enactment plan. In this conversation it was expressed that each American beyond 65 years old will be ensured complete Hospital clinical insurance for an incredible remainder. For three dollars per month after he is 65, he additionally gets full inclusion for clinical, careful, and different expenses whether he is in or out of the emergency clinic (p. 10). Today Medicare serves a huge populace for theâ elderly and incapacitated people. Theres a few distinct sorts of Medicare plans. There is a clinical Medicare section a Medicare part B and the Medicare part C. Medicare section An and B is the first Medicare plans, Medicare advantage is part C and theres additionally a doctor prescribed medication program which is part D Medicare advantage part C and part D are offered by private insurance agencies. The brilliant thing about Medicare, will be Medicare can be an enhancement health care coverage. Implying that an individual can have a private health care coverage, for example, Blue Cross or Blue Shield and notwithstanding that they can likewise have Medicare. For instance if a patient has Blue Cross or Blue Shield that would be their essential protection and Medicare would be their optional protection. The two protections would be charged, keep no separate from pocket costs for the patient. Our social insurance framework advances step by step. With new development and innovation upgrades our medicinal services conveyance framework has engaged us to give the most extreme nature of care. Structure the general wellbeing framework taking the safeguard proportions of controlling irresistible illness is with the instruction of hand washing abilities to the improvement of anti-infection agents. Penicillin made ready for restoring contaminations, along these lines improving future. Penicillin was first anti-microbial to be utilized on an individual, and has additionally empowered researchers to create and deliver various kinds of new anti-infection agents. The presentation of cardio aspiratory revival helps spare lives each day, regardless of whether the patient be in or out of the medical clinic setting. With the assistance of the American Red Cross instructing and preparing a large number of individuals to do mouth to mouth, CPR has expanded the endurance pace of numerous ind ividuals who succumb to the unexpected heart failure. Not just has the American Red Cross helped with instructing individuals on the most proficient method to do mouth to mouth yet additionally has spared a huge number of lives with its blood program. Its blood programs supplies 40% of the United States blood items, affecting the lives of people who need a blood transfusion just as their friends and family. The American Red Cross has helped in help aid ventures for serious fiascos and is a critical connection among families and the Armed Forces. As a connection between Armed Forces and families the American Red Cross encourages the transportation of military people with the association with their evil family member(s). As people groups future will in general increment numerous individuals who are 65 andâ over use the requirement for Medicare. Medicare pays for many senior residents including the individuals who are incapacitated. The social insurance framework is a colossal umbrella, where each part capacities all in all, one can't wor k without the other. References American Heart Association. (2014). CPR Statistics. Recovered from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/CPRAndECC/WhatisCPR/CPRFactsandStats/CPR- Statistics_UCM_307542_Article.jsp American Red Cross. (2014). A Brief History of the American Red Cross. Recovered from http://www.redcross.org/about-us/history Communities for Medicare Medicaid Services. (2013). CMS History Project Presidents’ Speeches Table of Contents pdf. Recovered from http://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency- Data/History/Downloads/CMSPresidentsSpeeches.pdf Board of trustees for the Study of the Future of Public Health; Division of Health Care Services. (1988). The eventual fate of general wellbeing. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Kardos N, Demain AL. (2011). Penicillin: the medication with the best effect on restorative results. NCBI. Recovered from

Next steps

Next steps I finished my last final exam yesterday, and barring any unforeseen complications, Ill be graduating from MIT on June 9. (The ceremony will be webcast here. You should watch it and cheer for me.) My parents and younger brother are coming up from Ohio, and that weekend is also Adams 21st birthday, so his parents are coming up from Plymouth for a big family dinner to celebrate his birthday and my graduation. Adam still has a year to go until he graduates, and then he hopes to stay at MIT to get his masters in aero/astro. He and I are moving into Westgate, which is an MIT grad/family dorm on the very west end of campus, tomorrow (omg so excited). All of our stuff is carefully packed and ready to move, and I am super-excited about our little apartment. So all of you who are fretting about me being gone dont! Ill be living on campus. Youll probably see me in Laverdes all the time. Ill be continuing to work in my undergrad lab full-time for June and July. Morgan, my boss (in biology we call them principal investigator or PI), wants me to write some sort of short and sweet paper on the work Ive been doing for the past year and a half. Ill be graduating with three publications on my CV! Thats pretty exciting. Im taking the month of August off sort of. I am not so good at the do nothing thing, so Ill be working a few hours a week in the Admissions Reception Center. As far as other summer plans go, my parents have also informed me that as a graduation present, they will foot the bill for Adam and me to go on a vacation to the Bahamas (yessss). Adam is less excited about this, because his family goes on ski vacations rather than beach vacations; hes like, But what do you do on vacation to the beach? So far, were also planning to go to Water Country at least once with our friend Mark 07 again this year. Well be going to the Quonset Point air show with Adams family for the third year in a row (well, third year in a row for me, second year in a row for Mark, and twenty-first year in a row for Adam, probably), and Adam and I will be heading to Plymouth, Americas hometown, for fourth-of-July festivities. Ive been informed by my mother that Im expected back in Ohio for at least a few days apparently the relatives need to throw me a graduation party. (Hey, Im not going to complain.) My PhD programs orientation starts September 5, and school begins September 18. Ill be taking a few classes (at least one of which will be a repeat of a class I took at MIT, yay!) and working part-time in my rotation lab you get to rotate through as many labs as you need to decide which lab youd like to do your thesis project in. There are approximately a majillion labs to rotate in, and I need to get crackin on picking a few that sound good to me. As far as further developments in my life with Adam well, look for some updates on that sometime between Christmas and Valentines Day. :)

Consent to medical procedures - Free Essay Example

107158 Part a) The main legal issue here concerns whether consent is required from both parents for a non-Gillick competent minor to undergo a surgical procedure that is not altogether without risk and which will not confer any direct benefit on her health. Beth at 4 years old is not likely to understand the full implications of a bone marrow donation[1] hence by this criteria she is not likely to be â€Å"Gillick competent†[2]; and so cannot give valid consent. This issue must be considered here because if she had been Gillick competent then it would be less likely that a refusal by one parent would be effective in negating her consent. The legal age of consent is 18. Below this age a person is classed as a child. However effectively the age of consent is 16 due to the operation of s.8(1) Family Law Reform Act 1969. Beth is therefore classed as an incompetent minor[3] to whom the Children Act 1989 stipulates that a parent with â€Å"parental responsibility† can give consent (albeit proxy consent), that is unless that â€Å"parental responsibility† has been removed or is restricted; s.33(3) and (4). We are told Caroline has parental responsibility for Beth and we are told that Caroline agrees to the donation. By inference there has been an offer of treatment by the doctor(s). In law consent by a parent with parental responsibility is adequate consent[4]. Generally it is irrelevant, in law, that David withholds his consent. However, in this situation the disputed procedure that Beth is to undergo is not intended to confer any physical advantage to her but may cause her some psychological stress and also carries a minor degree of risk. Clearly the Trust has reservations about going ahead when one parent objects and legal writing confirms that this view is unlikely to be unusual for this procedure.[5] However once consent is given by one person the principle stands that it is not removed by someone else. This refusal of the Trust to allow the procedure might be taken up to see if a court would direct the trust to go ahead. Where there is dispute about whether a procedure should take place and in situations where there is no parent with parental responsibility who will give consent the court may make a decision in one of two ways. Firstly the â€Å"wardship jurisdiction† could be used as described by Lord Donaldson MR in Re C[6]. The child is made a ward of court and the court makes the decision in the child’s best interests[7]. The court would take into account all the relevant facts of the case and decide upon them[8]. Decisions vary greatly with the facts of the ca se. The Court of Appeal refused to follow the parents’ wishes where the parents did not wish conjoined twins to be separated killing one of them in Re M and J[9]. In Re B[10] the court ordered that an infant with Down syndrome have surgery for duodenal atresia. However in Re T[11] the court found for the parents who were refusing liver transplantation for their child. Alternatively an application can be made to the court for a specific issue order requesting the court to order specific directions. In Beth’s case the court would consider the loss of her sister (a loss she might have been able to prevent) and the undoubted resulting psychological harm and also the 40% chance of any donation having the same result whereby Beth may still suffer some psychological aspects, her needle phobia and parental attitudes and these would be balanced against the advantageous effects of attempting[12] and most likely saving the life of her sister. All other factors thought relevant to making the decision in Beth’s overall[13] best interests would be considered. The courts have authorised the harvesting of bone marrow from a mentally incompetent adult in order to treat her sister.[14] The argument was the advantage gained by the donor by having a mother who was psychologically better able to look after her if she had given her sister a chance of recovery. In making the decision on Beth’s treatment the court would not consider Allison’s situation but would take into account the advantages to Beth if her sister survived. Allison is a child and if she is Gillick competent for the envisaged procedure may give valid consent. Otherwise Caroline may give proxy consent for her; Children Act 1989. Part b) The issue here is whether a 16 year old can legally be given a life-saving treatment when she is refusing to give consent. The doctrine of necessity may apply if it is not possible to discuss the situation properly with Evelyn and her tre atment is required urgently to save her life. We are told she is in great pain. If the doctors consider that she cannot understand the information given, or believe it or retain it to make a decision then they may proceed under the doctrine of necessity if it is considered that she will die before rational discussion can take place. However as a Jehovah’s Witness Evelyn may carry written information stating that she would refuse blood in an emergency even if it is required to save her life. This would be particularly relevant if she was carrying this information in her patient held maternity record. This would show evidence of foresight of the situation. The age of majority and of consent is 18. Being below 18 Evelyn is a child. Someone with parental responsibility can give proxy consent (for a child under 18 notwithstanding s.8 Family Law Reform Act 1969). The Family Law Reform Act 1969 s.8 applies to those aged 16 to 18. The wording of this act includes â€Å"consentâ⠂¬  but is silent with regard to refusal of consent. However since Evelyn is 16 her refusal of consent can actually be overridden. This follows the decision in Re W[15] where a 16 year old was refusing treatment for anorexia nervosa. In this case it was considered that the wide powers under wardship overrode concerns that the wording of s.8 â€Å"consent shall be as effective as it would if [the child] were of full age† implied that consent could include refusal of consent. There is additional case law on the same point whereby a 16 year old was refusing treatment for anorexia; Re J[16]. Evelyn’s refusal to consent can be overridden. We do not know whether one of her parents with parental responsibility would give proxy consent for her to have the blood transfusion. The Family Law Reform Act does not take away the right of a parent with parental responsibility to give consent for the child. They can give consent up to the child’s eighteenth birthday. The childr en Act 1989 describes who has parental responsibility; it is either parent if they were married when the child was born otherwise it is just the mother. Important principles of the Children Act 1989 are that the overriding interest is the child’s welfare. The child should be listened to but not necessarily be given full right of autonomy. Where there is conflict there should be negotiation and avoidance of delay if a legal process is needed. If proxy consent is given by someone with parental responsibility the doctors can legally go ahead with the transfusion in spite of Evelyn’s refusal. However the parents may well be Jehovah’s Witnesses themselves and refuse to give proxy consent. This happened in the case of Re O[17] whereby a blood transfusion was required by a minor and the parents who were Jehovah’s Witnesses refused consent. The court can authorise the transfusion. If the doctor considers it is in Evelyn’s best interests to have the bloo d transfusion and neither true nor proxy consent is forthcoming they can apply to the court to receive authorisation for the treatment to go ahead. The decision can be made quickly if the clinical situation demands. The Trust solicitor will have access to getting a decision from the court system. The court will decide in the best interests of Evelyn and may decide treatment should go ahead as in Re B[18] where surgery was ordered for a child with Down syndrome to have surgery for duodenal atresia. However the decision is not always for the treatment to be given; Re C[19]. Account will be taken of the degree of adherence to being a Jehovah’s Witness, whether Evelyn attends a place of worship regularly and whether pressure is being put on her by her family; Re T.[20] The case of Re T concerning a pregnant Jehovah’s Witness refusing a blood transfusion. In making the decision the court will not take into account the fetus in its own right (aside from the fact that the fet us has no right in law;)[21] since autonomy of the pregnant woman overrides consideration for the life or well-being of her fetus;[22] but will take into account the effect that loss of the fetus make have on Evelyn if the fetus dies because of lack of the blood transfusion but Evelyn survives along the principle established in Re Y.[23] Part c) The issue is whether Frank has capacity for the purpose of consent or refusal of consent. Capacity is the legal term for competence in the use of information in the decision making process that comprises valid consent. The question is whether an individual has the capacity to give or refuse consent. This issue is important because, as an adult, if Frank has competence to refuse to give consent (which he has a right to do[24]) and does so refuse the doctors cannot legally treat him with ventilation. In this situation they still have a duty of care to provide him with the best available treatment relevant to his needs but short of ven tilation. If this ensues the issue could also be revisited with him on future occasions, if that possibility arises, since it is possible he may change his mind. It is good practice to try and encourage him to involve his family in his decision making. The Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2007 provides a statutory framework, incorporating current best practice and common law principles, for people who may not be able to make decisions about their care. There is a presumption that an adult has capacity s.1 MCA 2007 until this is shown to be otherwise. The requirements of valid consent are; Adequate information should be given about the procedure (including risks and benefits and alternatives) according to the patient’s needs Competence (capacity) The decision must be made voluntarily The elements comprising capacity are; Understanding the information Believing the information and being able to use it in the decision making process Making a decision The legal aspects of capacity were set out in the case of Re C[25]. A phobia can lead to lack of capacity and may well be relevant here particularly the possibility of a needle phobia.[26] The degree of proof is on the balance of probability. S.2 MCA 2007 states that the single clear test for assessing capacity is a â€Å"decision-specific† one. S.2 MCA 2007 makes it clear that just because there is a mental illness lack of capacity cannot be assumed. Frank’s depression may have affected his cognitive ability. However, despite his depression, Frank could have retained his cognitive abilities but his values may be affected. For instance he may feel that his life is not worth living. When he recovers from his depression he may be pleased that he was ventilated. We are not given further details about the accident but it may be relevant if it involved a suicide attempt. A poor decision is not itself evidence of lack of capacity s.1 MCA 2007. It is not the decision itse lf but the decision making process that is relevant to capacity. It the doctors decide that Frank does not have capacity to refuse consent to ventilation he can be ventilated if that is in his best interests. The MCA 2007 lists items for consideration under best interests. No one can give consent on his behalf. Since he is young and expected to recover from his injuries and if there is no alternative suitable treatment then he could legally be ventilated if the doctors decide this is in his best interests. S.5 MCA 2007 confers legality of treatment given in the best interests of an adult who lacks capacity. Common law has also determined that treatment of those lacking competence is on a best interests approach.[27] S.6 MCA confers legality on any necessary force or restraint in treating the patient in their best interests. The keys as detailed in the 2007 act are proper assessment of capacity and best interests. If Frank had appointed a lasting power of attorney according to the MCA 2007 this person could make a decision on treatment for him. If a court was unable to make a decision according to the MCA 2007 a court appointed deputy could make the decision on ventilation on Frank’s behalf. The new court of protection will have ultimate decision making powers according to the MCA 2007. A new and accountable Public Guardian will oversee the way the new systems of attorneys and deputies are operating. If Frank had made an advance decision to refuse treatment according to the MCA 2007 in order for this to be binding to refuse life-saving ventilation it would need to have been in writing, and signed and witnessed. Part d) The issues include whether there was valid consent for the operation to control the bleeding. Further issues arise concerning whether the consent covered the appendicetomy and the involvement of the students and the doctor’s son. Another issue arises as to whether Albert has any claim in negligence. For consent to be valid adequate information about the proposed procedure must be given and in such a way that the patient is able to understand it. There has been a move away from the Bolam test, that is of the amount of information it is reasonable to give – a test which was used in Sidaway,[28] towards a test of how much information the patient needs – the prudent patient test.[29] The General Medical Council recommends as detailed information as possible in the circumstances should be given. We are told Albert was in severe abdominal pain and was finding it difficult to concentrate whilst his consent was being taken. As an adult Albert is assumed to have competence and this is not likely to be negated by being in pain. Dr Engelbert told him he required an urgent operation to deal with internal bleeding and that it is a minor surgical operation on his stomach which will require a general anaesthetic. In an emergency situation with acute abdominal bleeding it is likely that the amoun t of information conveyed would comply with a reasonable standard of care,[30] since the practicalities of the situation have to be taken into account. The consent form is merely evidence of the consent process and not the consent itself.[31] Best practice would involve mentioning about the presence of people in training and this is generally included on the consent form but it might not have been drawn to Albert’s attention especially in view of the emergency nature of his surgery. The involvement of the medical students does not invalidate consent.[32] However the Department of Health recommends that explicit consent for medical student involvement should be sought.[33] It is the procedure for which the consent is taken for not for the operator or the assistants. It is inappropriate for Dr Englebert’s son to have been present in the operating theatre during an operation. It would be appropriate to provide Albert with a full explanation and an apology without undue delay. The next question concerns whether Dr Englebert had consent to remove the slightly inflamed appendix. The consent form, as is standard practice, contained a clause stating â€Å"to such other surgical or other procedures as are medically necessary†. There is a case in Scottish case law[34] on the applicability of an â€Å"any other measures necessary† clause on a consent form. In that case, although there was some debate, it was decided that that wording was sufficient for surgery of a far greater extent than that which was envisaged by the patient. Again what matters is what Albert understood about the procedure and not the wording on the form. The issue is more likely to be decided by whether it was medically necessary to remove the appendix, urgently, and at the time of this operation. If it was then it is covered by the consent process. If it was not, then it should have been left to be removed at another time. There are two Canadian cases on this point. Sterilising a woman without her consent at the time of Caesarean section[35] was held not to be appropriate whereas removing a diseased organ at the time of an operation for something else was.[36] Since the appendix looked abnormal it may have been justified to remove it however this would be decided on the basis of the reasonable standard of care according to the test in Bolam[37] as modified by Bolitho.[38] If Albert wished to bring a claim in negligence alleging the consent was inadequate on account of inadequacy of information he would need to show that the information given to him was below acceptable standards.[39] It was also be required of him to show that had he been given the correct information he would not have consented to the procedure and not have suffered harm as a result. His arguments would be based on any complication of the appendicetomy (of which there appears to be none) or a resulting or aggravated mental health problem but this would encounter difficulti es in proving causation. However in view of the emergency nature of the operation it is unlikely that Albert would be able to show that had he been given more information he would have chosen not to go ahead with the procedure. Bibliography Branthwaite M Beresford N 2003 Law for doctors. London. Royal Society of Medicine Press Davies M 1998 Textbook on Medical Law London Blackstone Hope T Savulescu J Hendrick J 2003 Medical Ethics and Law The Core Curriculum London Churchill Livingstone Howard P Bogle J 2005 Lecture notes: Medical Law and Ethics Oxford Blackwell Publishing Khan M Robson M Swift K 2002 Clinical Negligence 2nd edition London Cavendish Publishing Mason JK McCall Smith RA Laurie GT 2002 Law and Medical Ethics London 6th edition Butterworths McLean S Mason JK 2003 Legal and ethical aspects of healthcare. London Greenwich Medical Media Ltd. Journal Articles Bridge C Religion, culture and conviction the medical treatment of young children 199 9. Child and Family law Quarterly 11.1(1) Browett and Palmer, Altruism by Proxy: volunteering children for bone marrow donation legal barriers might have catastrophic effects (1996) 312 British Medical Journal 240 Footnotes [1]Howard P Bogle J 2005 Lecture notes: Medical Law and Ethics Oxford Blackwell Publishing [2] Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Health Authority [1985] AC 112 [3] Howard P Bogle J 2005 Lecture notes: Medical Law and Ethics Oxford Blackwell Publishing [4] Howard P Bogle J 2005 Lecture notes: Medical Law and Ethics Oxford Blackwell Publishing [5] Bridge C Religion, culture and conviction the medical treatment of young children 1999. Child and Family law Quarterly 11.1(1) [6] Re C (A minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment) (no2) [1990] Fam 39 [7]Re MM (Medical Treatment) [2000] 1 FLR 224 and Re C (HIV Test) [1999] 2 FLR 1004). [8] Branthwaite M Beresford N 2003 Law for doctors. London. Royal Society of Medicine Press [9] Re M and J (Medical Treatment: Siamese Twins) [2001] 1 FLR 1 [10] Re B (a minor) [1981] 1 WLR 1421 [11] Re T (a minor) (wardship: Medical Treatment) [1997] 1 All ER 906 [12] Browett and Palmer, Altruism by Proxy: volunteering children for bone marrow donation legal barriers might have catastrophic effects (1996) 312 British Medical Journal 240 [13] Mason JK McCall Smith RA Laurie GT 2002 Law and Medical Ethics London 6th edition Butterworths [14] Re Y (Mental Incapacity: Bone Marrow Transplant) [1996] 2 FLR 787 [15] Re W (A Minor) (Medical Treatment: Court’s Jurisdiction) [1993] Fam 64 [16] Re J (A Minor) (Medical Treatment [1992] 3 Med LR 317 [17] Re O (A Minor) (Medical Treatment) [1993] 4 Med LR 272 [18] Re B (a minor) [1981] 1 WLR 1421 [19] Re C (a minor) M(Medical Treatment – Refusal of Parental Consent) [1997] 8 Med LR 166 [20] Re T (Adult Refusal of Medical treatment) (1992) 3 Med LR 306 [21] Paton v British Pregnancy Advisory Service [1978] 2 All ER 987 [22] St George’s Healthcare National Health Service Trust v S [1998] The Times, 8th May 1998 [23] Re Y (Mental Incapacity: Bone Marrow Transplant) [1996] 2 FLR 787 [24] Shloendorff v New York Hospit al (1914) 105 NE 92 [25] Re C (Adult Refusal of treatment) [1994] 1 All ER 819 [26] Re MB (Medical Treatment) [1997 2 FLR 426 [27] F v Berkshire HA [1990] 2 AC 1 [28] Sidway v Board of Govenors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985] 1 All ER 643 [29] Pearce v United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust [1998] 48 BMLR 118 [30] Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118; Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1997] 4 All ER 771 [31] Hope T Savulescu J Hendrick J 2003 Medical Ethics and Law The Core Curriculum London Churchill Livingstone [32] Branthwaite M Beresford N 2003 Law for doctors. London. Royal Society of Medicine Press [33] Medical Students in Hospitals. Department of Health HC 91(18). [34] Craig v Glasgow Victoria and Leverndale Hospitals Board of Management (22 March 1974, unreported) [35] Murray v Murchy [1949] 2 DLR 442 [36] Marshall v Curry [1933] 3 DLR 260 [37] Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118 [38] Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1997] 4 All ER 771 [39] Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118; Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1997] 4 All ER 771; Chatterton v Gerson [1981] 1 All ER 257

Entrepreneurship and Innovation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 581 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Today, about 12.5% of the world population is in self employment.   One thing that is common among this population is their dream to become entrepreneurs and realize their dream of being self employed (Veeraraghavan, V., 2009).   The entrepreneurial dream that drives them is the freedom that allows them to start a business and to work towards its growth and expansion.   Many of the millionaires around the world have time and again explained how they build their business empires through this way.   Who then is an entrepreneur?   An entrepreneur is defined as that person who has the dream, ability of building as well as developing their own business (Morris, M. H. et al, 2010).   The fact is that entrepreneurship is a risky business affair – what with starting a business from scratch with limited resources.   In other words, entrepreneurship is basically starting a business from the ground with the hope that it will develop and grow successfully.   In as much as there is quite a big risk involved in becoming an entrepreneur, it is however rewarding as regards personal endeavor.   If there is anything that other people can do, it is to admire the determination and the hard work that entrepreneurs put into achieving their dreams.   For an entrepreneur to succeed, he/she must display the willingness required to prosper within the risks involved at both financial and personal levels and also go beyond to beat all odds so that they work in the entrepreneur’s favor.  Ã‚   Apart from hard work, other driving forces that entrepreneurs posses are perseverance and commitment at all levels of the business.   They only look at the end result being a winning situation.   Instead of dwelling on mistakes with regret and a sense of giving up, entrepreneurs use the mistakes as learning ground to make them better and more polished.   Despite the ups and downs that come their way, entrepreneurs have a strong belief in themselves and very confident on what they have set to do (Cie?lik, J. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Entrepreneurship and Innovation" essay for you Create order (2017). Innovation on the other hand refers to applying better solutions directed at meeting new requirements or needs (market or unarticulated needs).   Innovation results in efficiency of products, services, business models, technology and processes which already exist in the market and society in general including governments. If we are to achieve competitiveness in the enterprise, sustainable innovation is a condition (Leal-Millà ¡n, A. et al, 2018).   Through innovation, it is possible to increase competition in the production of goods and services for maximum profit.   However, practical experience in the area of innovation lacks which makes development of innovation to occur in a slow rate especially in developing countries.   This is because research has always taken a back seat when it came to public research institutions.   There is a glaring disconnect between institutions of higher learning, business enterprises as well as financial institutions.   Innovation is a pr ocess – from how an idea inception upto and including the end result.   It involves production, its exchanges and finally the consumption of the end product.   For innovation to be complete, a combination and integration of entrepreneurship, education, science, economics, technology and lastly management is required (Garcia, D. H et al, 2017).   That is to say, innovation requires collective and combined effort for it to succeed.   Just like in entrepreneurship, development of innovation requires motivation combined with commitment towards its development and management.   According to Colombelli, A. et al (2016), innovation companies should be at the forefront in allocating the requisite resources for the development of new products as well as marketing.